L3/L4 Autonomous Driving and Startups Research Report, 2025

Table of Content

1. 1 L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Policies, Regulations, and Standards
2. 
   
4. 
   
5. 1.1 Autonomous Driving Classification and Standardization
6. 
   
7. SAE Autonomous Driving Classification Standards (1)
8. 
   
9. SAE Autonomous Driving Classification Standards (2)
10. 
    
11. China’s "Automotive Driving Automation Classification" (GB/T 40429-2021) Implemented
12. 
    
13. China’s "Automotive Driving Automation Classification": L3/L4 Definitions
14. 
    
15. China’s "Automotive Driving Automation Classification": Chinese Standards Strengthen L3 Safety Requirements
16. 
    
17. ISO TC22 ADAG Working Group
18. 
    
19. ISO TC22/SC32/WG8 Working Group
20. 
    
21. ISO WP29 United Nations World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations
22. 
    
23. ISO’s First L4 Autonomous Driving System International Safety Standard: ISO 22737
24. 
    
25. ISO 22737: L4 LSAD (Low-Speed Autonomous Driving) System Architecture
26. 
    
28. 
    
29. 1.2 China’s Autonomous Driving Policies and Regulations
30. 
    
31. China’s L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Regulations: Summary
32. 
    
33. China’s L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Regulations: "Notice from Four Ministries on Conducting Pilot Programs for Intelligent Connected Vehicle Access and Road Travel"
34. 
    
35. China’s L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Regulations: Ministry of Transport Issues "Autonomous Vehicle Transport Safety Service Guidelines (Trial)"
36. 
    
38. 
    
39. 1.3 Global Autonomous Driving Policies and Regulations
40. 
    
41. Global Autonomous Driving Industry Sees Substantial Policy Promotion
42. 
    
43. Global L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Regulations: Summary
44. 
    
45. Global L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Regulations: Japan’s "Road Traffic Law" Allows L4 Autonomous Vehicles and Robots on Roads
46. 
    
47. Global L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Regulations: Japan’s Autonomous Driving Environment Construction Measures
48. 
    
49. Global L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Regulations: Japan’s Autonomous Driving Development Goals
50. 
    
51. Global L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Regulations: Japan’s RoAD to the L4 Project
52. 
    
53. U. S. Plans to Ban Chinese Software in Autonomous Vehicles
54. 
    
56. 
    
57. 2 L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Application Scenarios
58. 
    
60. 
    
61. 2.1 L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Business Model Analysis
62. 
    
63. Commercial Value of L3/L4 High-Level Autonomous Driving
64. 
    
65. Social Value of L3/L4 High-Level Autonomous Driving
66. 
    
67. Seven Major Application Scenarios for L3/L4 High-Level Autonomous Vehicles
68. 
    
69. L4 Autonomous Driving Commercialization in Limited Scenarios and Related Companies
70. 
    
71. Application Timeline and Market Size of L4 Autonomous Driving Major Scenarios Commercial Scale
72. 
    
73. L2-L5 Autonomous Driving Penetration Rate in China and Global Markets, 2025-2035E
74. 
    
75. China Robotaxi Market Size,2025-2035E
76. 
    
77. L4 Commercialization Landing Model 1: L4 Multi-Scenario Layout
78. 
    
79. L4 Commercialization Landing Model 2: L4 and L2++ Dual-Track Development
80. 
    
81. L4 Commercialization Landing Model 3: Technology Downgrading from L4 to L2++, Startups Accelerating L2++ Mass Production Landing
82. 
    
84. 
    
85. 2.2 L4 Application Scenario - Robotaxi
86. 
    
87. Robotaxi Trend 1
88. 
    
89. Robotaxi Trend 2
90. 
    
91. Robotaxi Trend 3
92. 
    
93. Three Types of Players in the Robotaxi Industry
94. 
    
95. Robotaxi 2024: Summary of Global Automakers’ "Unmanned Driving" Layout Progress
96. 
    
97. Three Operational Models Adopted by Global Automakers in Robotaxi Layout
98. 
    
99. Global Major Automakers’ Robotaxi Layout in 2024: Layout Methods, Operational Models, Development Stages, and Vehicle Configurations Comparison (1)
100. 
     
101. Global Major Automakers’ Robotaxi Layout in 2024: Layout Methods, Operational Models, Development Stages, and Vehicle Configurations Comparison (2)
102. 
     
103. Foreign Leading Robotaxi Operators’ Layout in 2024: Layout Methods, Operational Models, Development Stages, and Vehicle Configurations Comparison
104. 
     
105. Domestic Leading Robotaxi Operators’ Layout in 2024: Layout Methods, Operational Models, Development Stages, and Vehicle Configurations Comparison
106. 
     
107. Current Development Stage Analysis of China’s Robotaxi Market
108. 
     
109. Licenses and Qualifications Required for China’s Robotaxi Market to Transition from Technical Routine Testing to Commercial Model Verification
110. 
     
111. Domestic Policy Pilot Zones Land In-Vehicle Unmanned Commercial Pilot Policies
112. 
     
113. Main "Iron Triangle" Model Adopted by China’s Robotaxi Market Players
114. 
     
115. Summary of "Iron Triangle" Model Players in the Robotaxi Market (1)
116. 
     
117. Summary of "Iron Triangle" Model Players in the Robotaxi Market (2)
118. 
     
119. China Robotaxi Ownership, 2024-2027E
120. 
     
121. Single Vehicle Profit Model: Achieving Single Vehicle Profit Breakeven by 2027
122. 
     
123. Expert Opinions on Robotaxi Scaled Landing
124. 
     
126. 
     
127. 2.3 L3/L4 Personal Passenger Car Market
128. 
     
129. The First Year of L3 Autonomous Driving Commercialization Begins, with Three Local Governments Introducing Supportive Policies to Boost Industry Development
130. 
     
131. Multiple Automakers Preparing for L3 Autonomous Driving, Targeting 2025-2027 as the Key Phase for Mass Production
132. 
     
133. Domestic Automakers with L3 Autonomous Driving Road Test Licenses
134. 
     
135. End-to-End Large Model Mass Production Landing: L3-L4 Autonomous Driving Will Accelerate
136. 
     
137. Starting from 2024, Multiple Automakers Accelerate AI Layput, Officially Entering a New Era of AI Deep Empowerment in Automotive Industry
138. 
     
139. Comparison of L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Product Planning of New Car Makers
140. 
     
141. Comparison of L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Product Planning of Domestic Leading Automakers
142. 
     
143. Comparison of L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Product Planning of German and Japanese Leading Automakers
144. 
     
146. 
     
147. 2.4 L4 Application Scenario - Unmanned Shuttles
148. 
     
149. The Commercial Value of Unmanned Shuttles and Five Typical Application Scenarios
150. 
     
151. 2024 Sees 20 Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration Pilot Cities, Accelerating Unmanned Shuttle Demonstration Applications
152. 
     
153. Targeted Policy Regulations Release Further Accelerate Unmanned Shuttle Landing
154. 
     
155. Key Players in Domestic Low-Speed Unmanned Shuttle Scenarios 1: L4 Autonomous Driving System Providers (1)
156. 
     
157. Key Players in Domestic Low-Speed Unmanned Shuttle Scenarios 1: L4 Autonomous Driving System Providers (2)
158. 
     
159. Key Players in Domestic Low-Speed Unmanned Shuttle Scenarios 2: OEMs
160. 
     
161. Unmanned Shuttle Products: WeRide Autonomous Minibus
162. 
     
163. Unmanned Shuttle Products: PIX Robobus 2.0
164. 
     
165. Unmanned Shuttle Products: Qcraft Dragon Boat Series
166. 
     
167. Commercial Operation of RoboBus: WeRide officially Launched Commercial Charging Operation in Guangzhou
168. 
     
169. Unmanned Shuttle Market Size Forecast
170. 
     
171. Layout of Some Unmanned Shuttle Players
172. 
     
174. 
     
175. 2.5 L4 Application Scenario - Unmanned Delivery
176. 
     
177. Last Mile Transformation: Rise of Unmanned Delivery
178. 
     
179. National Policies Encourage the Development of Unmanned Delivery Vehicles to Effectively Reduce Social Logistics Costs
180. 
     
181. Development Trend 1: Local Administrative Rules Are Released Intensively, Opening the "Access" Door for On-road Use of Unmanned Delivery
182. 
     
183. Trend 2: Innovation Cities Show Significant Leader Agglomeration Effects, and Multiple Industries Actively Expand into Lower-Tier Markets
184. 
     
185. Experts? Opinions on the Development of the L4 Unmanned Delivery Vehicle Market
186. 
     
187. Chinese Outdoor Unmanned Delivery Vehicle Market Size Forecast
188. 
     
189. Status Quo and Industry Chain of Unmanned Delivery
190. 
     
191. Major Players Deploying Unmanned Delivery Vehicle Products (1): Meituan
192. 
     
193. Major Players Deploying Unmanned Delivery Vehicle Products (2): Cainiao
194. 
     
195. Major Players Deploying Unmanned Delivery Vehicle Products (3): Haomo.ai
196. 
     
197. Major Players Deploying Unmanned Delivery Vehicle Products (4): Neolix
198. 
     
199. Major Players Deploying Unmanned Delivery Vehicle Products (5): Rino.ai
200. 
     
201. Major Players Deploying Unmanned Delivery Vehicle Products (6): Profile of ZELOS
202. 
     
203. Major Players Deploying Unmanned Delivery Vehicle Products (6): Product Matrix and Parameters of ZELOS
204. 
     
205. Major Players Deploying Unmanned Delivery Vehicle Products (7): Go Further.AI
206. 
     
207. Key Player 1: Comparison of Commercial Operation Progress between Suppliers of L4 Autonomous Driving Systems for Unmanned Delivery
208. 
     
209. Key Player 2: Comparison of Unmanned Delivery Vehicle Commercial Operation Progress between Internet Scenario Players
210. 
     
211. Key Player 3: Comparison of Unmanned Delivery Vehicle Commercial Operation Progress between Logistics and Courier Scenario Players
212. 
     
213. Unmanned Delivery Business Models
214. 
     
215. Focus of Unmanned Delivery Commercialization (1)
216. 
     
217. Focus of Unmanned Delivery Commercialization (2)
218. 
     
220. 
     
221. 2.6 L4 Application Scenario - Autonomous Trucks
222. 
     
223. Autonomous Trucks Face Development Bottlenecks
224. 
     
225. Competitive Landscape of L3+/L4 Autonomous Truck System Suppliers
226. 
     
227. Technology Routes for Autonomous Truck Development
228. 
     
229. Autonomous Truck Business Models: Mine Scenario
230. 
     
231. Autonomous Truck Business Models: Port Scenario
232. 
     
233. Commercial Application Solutions for Autonomous Trucks
234. 
     
235. Key Players in the Foreign Autonomous Truck Market
236. 
     
237. Player 1 in Chinese Autonomous Truck Market: Autonomous Truck Solution Providers (1)
238. 
     
239. Player 1 in Chinese Autonomous Truck Market: Autonomous Truck Solution Providers (2)
240. 
     
241. Player 2 in Chinese Autonomous Truck Market: Traditional Heavy Truck Companies
242. 
     
243. Player 3 in Chinese Autonomous Truck Market: Emerging Truck Manufacturers
244. 
     
245. Comparison between Major L4 Autonomous Truck Suppliers
246. 
     
247. RoboTruck Solutions
248. 
     
249. RoboTruck Closed Scenario Application Cases
250. 
     
251. Status Quo of China’s Autonomous Truck Market Segments - Port
252. 
     
253. Status Quo of China’s Autonomous Truck Market Segments - Mine
254. 
     
255. Status Quo of China’s Autonomous Truck Market Segments - Park Logistics
256. 
     
257. China’s Autonomous Truck Market Size Forecast
258. 
     
260. 
     
261. 3 Key Technologies for Mass Production of L4 Autonomous Driving
262. 
     
264. 
     
265. 3.1 Key Technologies for L4 Autonomous Driving: Algorithms
266. 
     
267. L4 Autonomous Driving Requires Higher Computing Power (1)
268. 
     
269. L4 Autonomous Driving Requires Higher Computing Power (2)
270. 
     
271. Evolution of Autonomous Driving Algorithms
272. 
     
273. Autonomous Driving Algorithms: Modular Algorithms
274. 
     
275. Autonomous Driving Algorithms: End-to-End Foundation Model Algorithms
276. 
     
277. Evolution of Foundation Model Algorithms for Autonomous Driving
278. 
     
279. Application of Foundation Models Accelerates the Implementation of L3/L4 Autonomous Driving
280. 
     
281. Comparison of End-to-End System Solution Layout between ADAS Tier1s (1)
282. 
     
283. Comparison of End-to-End System Solution Layout between ADAS Tier1s (2)
284. 
     
285. Comparison of End-to-End System Solution Layout between Other Autonomous Driving Companies
286. 
     
287. Comparison of End-to-End System Solution Layout between OEMs (1)
288. 
     
289. Comparison of End-to-End System Solution Layout between OEMs (2)
290. 
     
292. 
     
293. 3.2 Key Technologies for L4 Autonomous Driving: Data Loop
294. 
     
295. High-Level Autonomous Driving Evolves Towards Data-Centric Approach
296. 
     
297. Importance of Data Loop for L4 Autonomous Driving
298. 
     
299. Autonomous Driving Data Loop Technology 1: Data-Driven Models for Autonomous Driving
300. 
     
301. Autonomous Driving Data Loop Technology 2: Cloud Computing Infrastructure and Big Data Processing Technologies
302. 
     
303. Suppliers with Autonomous Driving Data Loop Capabilities
304. 
     
305. Autonomous Driving Data Loop Suppliers (1)
306. 
     
307. Autonomous Driving Data Loop Suppliers (2)
308. 
     
309. Autonomous Driving Data Loop Suppliers (3)
310. 
     
311. Autonomous Driving Data Loop Case 1: Tesla (1)
312. 
     
313. Autonomous Driving Data Loop Case 1: Tesla (2)
314. 
     
315. Autonomous Driving Data Loop Case 2: Momenta
316. 
     
317. Autonomous Driving Data Loop Case 3
318. 
     
319. Autonomous Driving Data Loop Case 4
320. 
     
321. Autonomous Driving Data Loop Case 5
322. 
     
323. Autonomous Driving Data Loop Case 6
324. 
     
326. 
     
327. 3.3 Key Technologies for L4 Autonomous Driving: Redundancy
328. 
     
329. Autonomous Driving Redundant System Suppliers: Braking Redundancy
330. 
     
331. Autonomous Driving Redundant System Suppliers: Sensor Redundancy
332. 
     
333. Autonomous Driving Redundant System Suppliers: Computing Redundancy
334. 
     
335. Autonomous Driving Redundant System Cases (1): BMW L4/L5 Autonomous Driving Redundant System
336. 
     
337. Autonomous Driving Redundant System Cases (2): Baidu Sensor Redundancy
338. 
     
340. 
     
341. 3.4 Key Technologies for L4 Autonomous Driving: Vehicle-Road-Cloud Cooperation
342. 
     
343. Vehicle-Road Cooperation Enables Smart Autonomous Mobility
344. 
     
345. Release of the Cooperative Architecture Design of Collaborative Automated Driving System (1)
346. 
     
347. Release of the Cooperative Architecture Design of Collaborative Automated Driving System (2)
348. 
     
349. China Established Its First Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integrated Research Center
350. 
     
351. AI Foundation Models Enable Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration, Accelerating Autonomous Driving Implementation
352. 
     
353. China’s First L4 Autonomous Driving Highway with Vehicle-Road-Cloud Cooperation Was Officially Opened
354. 
     
355. Vehicle-Road-Cloud Cooperation Solution Suppliers (1)
356. 
     
357. Vehicle-Road-Cloud Cooperation Solution Suppliers (2)
358. 
     
359. Vehicle-Road-Cloud Cooperation Solution Suppliers (3)
360. 
     
361. Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integrated Solution: MOGO Package 2.0 by Mogo.ai
362. 
     
363. L4 Autonomous Driving Case Based on Vehicle-Road-Cloud Cooperation: Yangshan Port Autonomous Driving
364. 
     
366. 
     
367. 3.5 Key Technologies for L4 Autonomous Driving: HD Maps and Positioning
368. 
     
369. Requirements of L4 Autonomous Driving for HD Maps (1)
370. 
     
371. Requirements of L4 Autonomous Driving for HD Maps (2)
372. 
     
373. Requirements of L4 Autonomous Driving for High-precision Positioning Technology
374. 
     
375. L3/L4 Autonomous Driving HD Map Providers: Traditional Map Providers (1)
376. 
     
377. L3/L4 Autonomous Driving HD Map Providers: Traditional Map Providers (2)
378. 
     
379. L3/L4 Autonomous Driving HD Map Providers: Commercial Vehicles (1)
380. 
     
381. L3/L4 Autonomous Driving HD Map Providers: Commercial Vehicles (2)
382. 
     
383. L3/L4 Autonomous Driving HD Maps and Positioning Cases
384. 
     
386. 
     
387. 4 L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Solutions of OEMs
388. 
     
390. 
     
391. 4.1 XPeng
392. 
     
393. AI-Defined Automotive Transformation Layout
394. 
     
395. Autonomous Driving Plan: Parallel Development of L2 and L4
396. 
     
397. Autonomous Driving System Evolution Path
398. 
     
399. L4 Autonomous Driving Plan: XPeng ROBOTAXI (1)
400. 
     
401. L4 Autonomous Driving Plan: XPeng ROBOTAXI (2)
402. 
     
403. The Ultimate Form Before XPeng Achieves L4 Autonomous Driving: XPeng Navigation Guided Pilot (XNGP) (1)
404. 
     
405. The Ultimate Form Before XPeng Achieves L4 Autonomous Driving: XPeng Navigation Guided Pilot (XNGP) (2)
406. 
     
407. All-Scenario Intelligent Driving Architecture – XBrain
408. 
     
409. Intelligent Driving Technology Bases (1): Perception Architecture – XNet 1.0
410. 
     
411. Intelligent Driving Technology Bases (1): Perception Architecture – XNet 2.0
412. 
     
413. Intelligent Driving Technology Bases (2): Planning and Control Architecture – XPlanner
414. 
     
415. End-to-end System (1): Architecture
416. 
     
417. End-to-end System (2): Intelligent Driving Model
418. 
     
419. End-to-end System (2): Intelligent Driving Model
420. 
     
421. End-to-end System (3): AI+XNGP
422. 
     
423. End-to-end System (4): Organizational Change
424. 
     
425. Key to the Next Generation of Mid- and back-end Capabilities: Data Processing Efficiency
426. 
     
427. AI Technology Bases for the Second Half of Intelligent Driving (1): Data Collection
428. 
     
429. AI Technology Bases for the Second Half of Intelligent Driving (2): Data Labeling - Fully Automatic Labeling System
430. 
     
431. AI Technology Bases for the Second Half of Intelligent Driving (3): Data Training - Autonomous Driving Computing Platform "Fuyao"
432. 
     
433. AI Technology Bases for the Second Half of Intelligent Driving (4): Data Deployment
434. 
     
436. 
     
437. 4.2 Li Auto
438. 
     
439. Autonomous Driving System Evolution Path
440. 
     
441. Accelerate L3/L4 Deployment and Further Extend Towards AGI in the Future
442. 
     
443. Algorithm Architecture of Intelligent Driving 3.0 – End-to-End Algorithm Architecture Based on Foundation Models
444. 
     
445. Hardware Foundation & Algorithm Models in the Era of Intelligent Driving 3.0
446. 
     
447. End-to-End Solutions (1): Iterative Evolution of System 1
448. 
     
449. End-to-End Solutions (2): System 1 (End-to-End Model) + System 2 (VLM)
450. 
     
451. End-to-End Solutions (3): Next-Generation Autonomous Driving Technology Architecture
452. 
     
453. Underlying Technologies of Intelligent Driving End-to-End Algorithm: BEV Model + NPN Feature Extraction + TIN Model (1)
454. 
     
455. Underlying Technologies of Intelligent Driving End-to-End Algorithm: BEV Model + NPN Feature Extraction + TIN Model (2)
456. 
     
457. Perception Algorithm: BEV+Transformer+OCC
458. 
     
459. Control and Planning Algorithm: Spatiotemporal Joint Planning + MPC model
460. 
     
461. Autonomous Driving Training Platform: Poseidon Training Platform
462. 
     
463. L4 Autonomous Driving Planning: Plan to Enter the Field of Intelligent Driving Logistics
464. 
     
465. L4 Autonomous Driving Technology Base: Data-driven - Data Closed Loop (1)
466. 
     
467. Autonomous Driving Technology Base: Data-driven - Data Closed Loop (2)
468. 
     
469. Autonomous Driving Technology Base: Data-driven - Data Closed Loop (3)
470. 
     
472. 
     
473. 4.3 Chery
474. 
     
475. Profile of ZDRIVE.AI (1)
476. 
     
477. ZDRIVE.AI Develops both ADAS and L4 High-level Autonomous Driving Products
478. 
     
479. End-to-end System Development Plan
480. 
     
481. L4 Autonomous Driving Plan (1)
482. 
     
483. L4 Autonomous Driving Plan (2): Robotaxi 1.0
484. 
     
485. L4 Autonomous Driving Plan (3): Robotaxi 2.0
486. 
     
487. L4 Autonomous Driving Technology Base: Drive 2.0
488. 
     
489. Humanoid Robot Layout
490. 
     
492. 
     
493. 4.4 GAC
494. 
     
495. L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Product Layout Plan and Implementation Timetable
496. 
     
497. Robotaxi Layout: Independent Operation + External Cooperation
498. 
     
499. Robotaxi Layout: Ecosystem Partners and Production Models
500. 
     
501. Release of the First Large-scale Intelligent Driving Platform for Commercial Vehicles
502. 
     
503. L4 Autonomous Driving Technology Analysis: GAC Aion Robotaxi
504. 
     
505. GAC Aion and Wuxi Communications Industry Group: Establish L4 Autonomous Driving Demonstration Area
506. 
     
508. 
     
509. 4.5 Great Wall Motor
510. 
     
511. Great Wall Motor’s L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Planning Route
512. 
     
513. Haomo.ai’s Hpilot Autonomous Driving Product Roadmap
514. 
     
515. Haomo.ai’s Technology Bases in Era of Autonomous Driving 3.0 (1): MANA Data Intelligence System
516. 
     
517. Haomo.ai’s Technology Bases in Era of Autonomous Driving 3.0 (2): Autonomous Driving Generative AI Model Drive GPT (1)
518. 
     
519. Haomo.ai’s Technology Bases in Era of Autonomous Driving 3.0 (2): Autonomous Driving Generative AI Model Drive GPT (2)
520. 
     
521. Haomo.ai’s Technology Bases in Era of Autonomous Driving 3.0 (3): Intelligent Computing Center MANA OASIS
522. 
     
524. 
     
525. 4.6 Tesla
526. 
     
527. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) under U.S. Department of Transportation Proposes A National Framework AV-STEP
528. 
     
529. Tesla Accelerates the Robotaxi Plan
530. 
     
531. L4 Product Portfolio
532. 
     
533. AD Algorithm Development History
534. 
     
535. End-to-end Process Overview, 2023-2024
536. 
     
537. AD Algorithm Development History: FSD V12
538. 
     
539. “End-to-end” Algorithm
540. 
     
541. Core Elements of the Perception and Decision Full-Stack Integrated Model
542. 
     
543. Tesla Semi: Weakening Autonomous Driving Features (1)
544. 
     
545. Tesla Semi: Weakening Autonomous Driving Features (2)
546. 
     
547. Tesla Semi: Weakening Autonomous Driving Features (3)
548. 
     
550. 
     
551. 4.7 Toyota
552. 
     
553. Toyota ADAS/AD Development Path
554. 
     
555. Toyota L3 Guardian
556. 
     
557. Toyota L4 Autonomous Driving Solutions: bZ4X Robotaxi (1)
558. 
     
559. Toyota L4 Autonomous Driving Solutions: bZ4X Robotaxi (2)
560. 
     
561. Toyota L4 Autonomous Driving Solutions: Autonomous Driving System Redundancy Design
562. 
     
563. Toyota L4/L5 System: e-Palette Platform
564. 
     
565. Toyota End-to-end Autonomous Driving Layout
566. 
     
567. Nissan ADAS/AD Development Path
568. 
     
569. Nissan ADAS: Iteration Process
570. 
     
571. Nissan Shared Mobility Development Process (1)
572. 
     
573. Japanese Government Accelerated Industrial Implementation of L4 Autonomous Driving in 2024
574. 
     
575. Nissan Shared Mobility Development Process (2)
576. 
     
577. Nissan’s Robotaxi Progress in Japanese and Chinese Markets in 2024
578. 
     
579. Nissan Robotaxi Business
580. 
     
581. Nissan Launches Robotaxi Demonstration Operation in Suzhou
582. 
     
583. Nissan China’s Layout in China: Conduct Robotaxi Tests in Suzhou
584. 
     
586. 
     
587. 4.8 Volvo
588. 
     
589. Autonomous Driving Technology Route
590. 
     
591. Autonomous Driving - L3 Ride Pilot
592. 
     
593. Global - L4 System: Highway Pilot
594. 
     
595. L4 Autonomous Driving Solution
596. 
     
597. L4 Autonomous Driving Technology 1: Dual Computing Platforms + Execution Redundancy
598. 
     
599. L4 Autonomous Driving Technology 2: Data-driven Software
600. 
     
602. 
     
603. 4.9 Mercedes-Benz
604. 
     
605. Mercedes-Benz Is Committed to Developing and Upgrading L3 Autonomous Driving Technology
606. 
     
607. L3 Autonomous Driving Solutions (1): Drive Pilot
608. 
     
609. L3 Autonomous Driving Solutions (2): Redundant Design (1)
610. 
     
611. L3 Autonomous Driving Solutions (2): Redundant Design (2)
612. 
     
613. Mercedes-Benz Has Formed A Multi-line Intelligent Driving Path for L2, L3, and L4
614. 
     
615. L4 Autonomous Driving Solution: Driverless Parking System
616. 
     
618. 
     
619. 4.10 BMW
620. 
     
621. On-road Use of L3 Autonomous Driving Accelerates
622. 
     
623. L3 Autonomous Driving Solution: Personal Pilot
624. 
     
626. 
     
627. 4.11 Volkswagen
628. 
     
629. Volkswagen Adjusts Its Autonomous Driving Business to Accelerate the Implementation of L4 Commercial Vehicles
630. 
     
631. Volkswagen’s L4 Autonomous Driving Solution: ID. Buzz AD (2)
632. 
     
633. SAIC Volkswagen’s L4 Autonomous Driving Planning
634. 
     
635. SAIC Volkswagen’s L4 Autonomous Driving Platform Sensor Solution
636. 
     
638. 
     
639. 4.12 SAIC
640. 
     
641. Policies Protect IM Motors to Accelerate L3/L4 Layout
642. 
     
643. Profile of SAIC Intelligent Technology
644. 
     
645. SAIC Intelligent Technology’s Robotaxi Commercialization Progress
646. 
     
647. SAIC Intelligent Technology’s Robotaxi3.0
648. 
     
649. SAIC AI LAB’s L4 Autonomous Driving Technologies (1): Advanced Autonomous Driving Technology Architecture 2.0
650. 
     
651. SAIC AI LAB’s L4 Autonomous Driving Technologies (2): Fully Unmanned Technology Solution
652. 
     
653. SAIC AI LAB’s L4 Autonomous Driving Technologies (3): Vehicle-cloud-road Integration
654. 
     
655. SAIC’s L4 Autonomous Driving Layout
656. 
     
658. 
     
659. 4.13 Geely
660. 
     
661. Geely Accelerates L3/L4 Layout: Dual Wheel Drives of independent R&D and Strategic Ecosystem Cooperation
662. 
     
663. Geely Released "Intelligent Vehicle Full-domain AI" Technology System
664. 
     
665. L3 End-to-End Technology: End-to-End Plus Introduces Digital Precognition Network Based on Multimodal Large Language Models
666. 
     
667. L3 End-to-End Technology: Analysis of End-to-End Plus System
668. 
     
669. Geely’s ADAS Technology Layout: Geely Xingrui Intelligent Data Center
670. 
     
671. Xingrui AI Foundation Model
672. 
     
673. Geely’s L4 Application Solution: Vehicle Intelligence + 5G V2X
674. 
     
676. 
     
677. 4.14 Changan
678. 
     
679. ADAS Strategic Planning
680. 
     
681. ADAS Strategy: Dubhe Strategy
682. 
     
683. L4 Robotaxi Development History (1)
684. 
     
685. L4 Robotaxi Development History (2)
686. 
     
687. End-to-end System: BEV+LLM+GoT
688. 
     
689. Production Model with End-to-end System: Changan NEVO E07
690. 
     
692. 
     
693. 4.15 Other OEMs
694. 
     
695. Hongqi’s L4 Autonomous Driving Technology Solution
696. 
     
697. Yutong’s L4 Autonomous Driving Technology Solution
698. 
     
700. 
     
701. 5 L4 Autonomous Driving Solutions of Tier1s and Startups
702. 
     
704. 
     
705. 5.1 Waymo
706. 
     
707. Profile
708. 
     
709. Robotaxi Commercialization Progress
710. 
     
711. L4 Product: Waymo One
712. 
     
713. Comparison of Hardware Configurations Across Generations of Vehicle Models (First to Sixth Generation)
714. 
     
715. L4 Strategic Partners and Cooperation Model
716. 
     
717. Strategic OEM Partners (1)
718. 
     
719. Strategic OEM Partners (2)
720. 
     
721. Strategic Partners (3)
722. 
     
723. L4 Autonomous Driving System: Waymo Driver
724. 
     
725. L4 Autonomous Driving Technology 1: Perception
726. 
     
727. L4 Autonomous Driving Technology 2: Architecture
728. 
     
729. L4 Autonomous Driving Technology 3: Data Model and Architecture
730. 
     
731. L4 Autonomous Driving Technology 4: Simulation
732. 
     
733. L4 Autonomous Driving Technology 4: Open Source Simulator
734. 
     
735. L4 Autonomous Driving Technology 5: Planning
736. 
     
737. L4 Autonomous Driving Technology 6: Computing Platform
738. 
     
739. Waymo Postponed Autonomous Truck Business Waymo Via
740. 
     
741. Waymo Released End-to-end Multimodal Model for Autonomous Driving (EMMA)
742. 
     
743. Limitations of EMMA
744. 
     
746. 
     
747. 5.2 Aurora
748. 
     
749. Aurora and Continental Cooperated to Build the Aurora Driver Autonomous Trucking System
750. 
     
751. Autonomous Driving System: Aurora Driver Platform (1)
752. 
     
753. Autonomous Driving System: Aurora Driver Platform (2)
754. 
     
755. Autonomous Driving Technology: Perception and Decision
756. 
     
757. L4 Autonomous Driving Layout
758. 
     
760. 
     
761. 5.3 Baidu Apollo
762. 
     
763. Profile of Baidu Apollo
764. 
     
765. Core Robotaxi Service Operators’ Exploration of Business Models
766. 
     
767. Robotaxi Development Plan
768. 
     
769. Apollo’s Robotaxi Development Progress in 2024
770. 
     
771. Sixth Generation Robotaxi Models
772. 
     
773. The New-generation Robotaxi Introduces Two-Model End-to-end: Adopting A Strategy of First Segmentation and Then Joint Training
774. 
     
775. Robotaxi Commercialization Progress
776. 
     
777. Cost Reduction Logic of Six Generation Robotaxi Models and Analysis on Wuhan Autonomous Vehicle Commercial Demonstration Area
778. 
     
779. Robotaxi Operation and Cost in the Shanghai Jiading Intelligent Connection Demonstration Operation Area
780. 
     
781. L4 Technology 1: Safety Redundancy
782. 
     
783. L4 Technology 2: Computing Platform
784. 
     
785. L4 Product 1: Apollo Go (6)
786. 
     
787. L4 Product 2: 5G Cloud Valeting
788. 
     
789. L4 Product 3: Strategic Investment in Autonomous Trucks
790. 
     
791. L4 Product 4: AVP
792. 
     
794. 
     
795. 5.4 Pony.ai
796. 
     
797. Profile
798. 
     
799. Three Major Business Lines
800. 
     
801. Robotaxi Business Model (1)
802. 
     
803. Robotaxi Business Model (2)
804. 
     
805. Robotaxi Business Model (3)
806. 
     
807. Global Robotaxi Strategy
808. 
     
809. Strategic Cooperation Ecosystem
810. 
     
811. Operation
812. 
     
813. Robotaxi Commercialization Progress
814. 
     
815. Sixth Generation Robotaxi
816. 
     
817. Sixth Generation L4 Autonomous Driving System
818. 
     
819. Commitment to Integrated Hardware and Software Co-Development
820. 
     
821. Hardware Architecture of L4 Autonomous Driving System (1)
822. 
     
823. Hardware Architecture of L4 Autonomous Driving System (2)
824. 
     
825. Computing Unit of L4 Autonomous Driving System (1)
826. 
     
827. Computing Unit of L4 Autonomous Driving System (2)
828. 
     
829. Data Closed-loop Capability of L4 Autonomous Driving System
830. 
     
831. Autonomous Freight Enters the Inter-provincial Stage
832. 
     
833. Obtain Inter-provincial Heavy Autonomous Truck License
834. 
     
835. Recent Dynamics in Cooperation
836. 
     
838. 
     
839. 5.5 WeRide
840. 
     
841. Profile (