Table of Content

1. Executive Summary and 15 forecasts 2024-2044
 1.1. Purpose of this report
 1.2. Methodology of this analysis
 1.3. 6G need, frequency and other choices and 13 key conclusions
 1.3.1. New needs and 5G inadequacies
 1.3.2. Arguments against and challenges ahead
 1.3.3. Disruptive 6G aspects
 1.3.4. Widening list of 6G aspirations - impact on hardware
 1.3.5. Some key conclusions - incremental aspects
 1.3.6. Some key conclusions - disruptive aspects
 1.4. Detailed 6G benefits, standards situation and rollouts 1980-2044
 1.5. Some 6G global architecture proposals including complementary systems
 1.6. Likely 6G hardware and allied manufacturers
 1.7. SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications as currently understood
 1.8. Proliferation of 6G materials and device opportunities
 1.8.1. General aspects
 1.8.2. Frequency choice recommended
 1.8.3. Considerable opportunities for thermal materials emerging
 1.8.4. 8. tuning device families for RIS that are emerging
 1.9. Recent hardware advances that can aid 6G 2024-2044
 1.10. Primary needs for advanced materials in envisaged 6G systems
 1.10.1. Overview
 1.10.2. 14 applications of 20 emerging inorganic compounds in potential 6G communications
 1.10.3. 14 applications of 10 elements in potential 6G communications
 1.10.4. 14 applications of 16 families of organic compounds in potential 6G communications
 1.10.5. Semiconductor 6G opportunities by device and material
 1.11. System aspects of emerging hardware needs 2024-2044
 1.11.1. 6G optical transmission system hardware opportunities
 1.11.2. 6G Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces and metamaterials opportunities
 1.11.3. 6G RIS and other metamaterial in action
 1.11.4. RIS materials potential areas, costs in volume, formulations
 1.12. 6G thermal materials become a large market
 1.12.1. Extra thermal management challenges
 1.13. Market and technology roadmaps and 16 forecasts 2024-2044
 1.13.1. 6G hardware roadmap 2024-2032
 1.13.2. 6G hardware roadmap 2033-2044
 1.13.3. 6G RIS market yearly area added bn. sq. m., price, value market table 2024-2044
 1.13.4. 6G RIS market yearly area added bn. sq. m. 2024-2044 graph
 1.13.5. Average RIS price $/ square meter. ex-factory 2028-2044 graph with explanation
 1.13.6. 6G reconfigurable intelligent surfaces cumulative panels number deployed billion by year end 2024- 2044 table and graph
 1.13.7. Global yearly RIS sales by five types and total $ billion 2024-2044 table
 1.13.8. Global yearly RIS sales by five types $ billion 2028-2048: graph with explanation
 1.13.9. Smartphone units sold globally 2023-2044 if 6G is successful
 1.13.10. Smartphone thermal materials market area million square meters 2023-2044
 1.13.11. Smartphone thermal materials trend in location
 1.13.12. Market for 6G vs 5G base stations units millions yearly 3 categories 2024-2044: table and graphs
 1.13.13. 6G base stations thermal interface materials million square meters 2024-2044
 1.13.14. X-Reality hardware market with possible 6G impact $ billion 2024- 2044
 1.14. Location of primary 6G material and component activity worldwide

2. Introduction
 2.1. Methodology, presentation, situation
 2.2. Situation in 2024
 2.2.1. Troubled waters
 2.2.2. Making 5G then 6G ubiquitous: land, airborne, underwater
 2.2.3. 6G vertical ubiquity: SAGIN and under water
 2.3. 6G is more than communications
 2.4. Progress from 1G-6G rollouts 1980-2044
 2.5. 6G adds equipment: opportunity or threat to viability?
 2.6. Arguments against 6G and possible slippage
 2.7. Transmission distance dilemma
 2.8. The going green dilemma
 2.9. SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications material and component opportunities
 2.10. Manufacturing technologies for the main 6G high added value materials

3. Thermal management: 6G materials, devices, facilities
 3.1. Overview
 3.2. Diverse new challenges emerging allow in new suppliers
 3.3. SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications thermal material opportunities
 3.4. Thermal materials and structures for 6G smartphones and other client devices
 3.4.1. Structures
 3.4.2. Materials: Dow, GLPOLY, Laird, NeoGraf, Nitrium, Parker Lord etc.
 3.4.3. Thermal interface materials TIM for all potential 6G devices: Henkel etc.
 3.4.5. Aerogel thermal insulation W.L.Gore
 3.5. Energy harvesting and on-site zero-emission power become important with 6G
 3.5.1. Future needs and trends for 6G devices up to MW power provision for 6G
 3.5.2. Thermal hydrogels for passive cooling of 6G microelectronics and photovoltaics
 3.5.3. Thermal metamaterials for devices and photovoltaics
 3.5.4. Radiative cooling of photovoltaics generally
 3.5.5. Water-cooled photovoltaics for heating and electricity: Sunovate
 3.5.6. Thermally conductive concrete for on-site 6G power transmission
 3.6. Thermoelectrics for 6G temperature control and electricity
 3.6.1. Overview
 3.6.2. Thermoradiative photovoltaics

4. Reconfigurable Intelligent surfaces
 4.1. Overview
 4.1.1. Progression of functionality needed in 6G infrastructure
 4.1.2. Terminology thicket
 4.1.3. What is a metamaterial?
 4.1.4. What is a metasurface?
 4.1.5. Many benefits from RIS
 4.1.6. Different levels of beam management
 4.2. 6G RIS and other metamaterial in action
 4.3. RIS materials potential areas, costs in volume, formulations
 4.4. 6G RIS materials and component opportunities
 4.5. 8. tuning device families for 6G RIS from recent research pipeline: our appraisal, references
 4.6. Other progress
 4.6.1. Joint modulations assist hardware
 4.6.2. RIS for Industry-5
 4.7. SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications RIS opportunities

5. Devices - 6G Optical, electronic and electrical devices: development status and potential
 5.1. Overview
 5.1.1. Different from 5G
 5.1.2. Examples of component categories needed for 6G infrastructure and client devices
 5.1.3. 6G component examples by material family: many reasons for graphene
 5.1.4. Examples of formats considered for future 6G devices and infrastructure
 5.2. The terahertz gap
 5.2.1. Mature research and commercial products
 5.2.2. Best research results
 5.3. Diodes - Schottky better but still problematic
 5.4. How CMOS and HEMT compete
 5.4.1. Overview
 5.4.2. CMOS and hybrid lll-V+CMOS approaches sub-THz
 5.4.3. 6G CMOS design
 5.4.4. PD-SOI CMOS and SiGe BiCMOS for 6G
 5.4.5. High-Electron Mobility Transistor HEMT sub-THz
 5.5. Fiber optics materials, designs, deployment, issues with SWOT appraisal for 6G
 5.6. THz waveguides materials, designs, deployment, issues with SWOT appraisal for 6G

6. Graphene and other 2D materials for 6G Communications
 6.1. Overview of THz 2D materials
 6.2. Graphene landscape
 6.3. Supercapacitors, LiC and pseudocapacitors for 6G
 6.3.1. Addressing problems
 6.3.2. Pseudocapacitor materials, mechanisms: MXenes etc.
 6.3.3. Flexible supercapacitors for 6G client devices: graphene, MXenes, V Manganese dioxide
 6.4. Graphene transistor surrogates and metasurfaces
 6.4.1. Gated graphene
 6.4.2. Graphene plasmonics at THz
 6.5. Graphene THz device structures
 6.5.1. Graphene THz modulator
 6.5.2. Silicon plasmon graphene SPG sub-THz emitter
 6.5.3. Graphene splitter and router

7. Other materials: 6G Optical, electronic, electrical and micro-mechanical
 7.1. Overview
 7.2. 14 applications of 46 elements and compounds in potential 6G communications compared
 7.3. Some physical tuning material choices compared for metasurfaces
 7.4. Semiconductor material choices
 7.4.1. Lessons from 5G advances
 7.4.2. Status of some 6G semiconductor and active layer candidates
 7.4.3. lll-V compounds and SiGe
 7.4.4. Photoactive materials for 6G around 1THz
 7.5. Silicon carbide electro-optic modulator
 7.6. Phase-Change Materials for 6G electronics overview
 7.7. Vanadium dioxide for many 6G uses
 7.7.1. Properties exploited
 7.7.2. Developments for RIS tunability - review
 7.7.3. Terahertz coding metasurface research trends
 7.7.4. US DOE February 2022 onwards
 7.8. Chalcogenide phase change materials
 7.9. Liquid crystal polymers LCP Nematic liquid crystals NLC
 7.9.1. Useful for 6G THz and optics
 7.9.2. Current research trends
 7.9.3. Future research trends
 7.9.4. Advances in 2022
 7.10. Materials for photovoltaics at 6G infrastructure and client devices
 7.11. ENZ and low loss materials for THz and optical
 7.12. Micro- mechanics, MEMS and microfluidics for 6G

8. 6G Communications projects worldwide involving material and component research
 8.1. Overview
 8.2. Leaders by expenditure and patents
 8.3. Global: International Consortium for Development of High-Power THz Science and Technology
 8.4. Canada
 8.5. China
 8.6. European Union with Finland important
 8.7. Germany
 8.8. India
 8.9. Japan
 8.10. Korea
 8.11. North America
 8.12. Pakistan
 8.13. Taiwan
 8.14. United Kingdom
 8.15. USA