Table of Content

1. Executive summary and conclusions
1.1 Purpose of this report
1.2 Methodology of this analysis

1.3 Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces definition, design, deployment with two infograms
1.3.1 Definition and basics
1.3.2 Infogram:6G RIS and other metamaterial in action: the dream
1.3.3 Infogram: Ubiquitous 6G and complementary systems using RIS with references to recent
research
1.3.4 RIS-enabled, self-sufficient ultra-massive 6G UM-MIMO base station design
1.3.5 Choosing complementary 6G frequencies all capable of better performance
1.3.6 Infogram: The Terahertz Gap demands 6G tuning materials and devices different from 5G
1.4 Key conclusions: 6G Communications and its RIS design and deployment 2025-2045
1.5 Key conclusions: materials and devices for RIS tuning
1.6 Key conclusions: Manufacturing technology for 6G RIS and reflect-arrays
1.6.1 Manufacture overview
1.6.2 Printing options for metamaterials and their tuning materials
1.6.3 Near-infrared and visible light ORIS and allied device design and manufacture
1.7 Key conclusions; the long view
1.7.1 Summary
1.7.2 SWIPT, STIIPT, AmBC, CD-ZED with 17 2024, 2023 research papers analysed
1.7.3 STAR RIS SWOT appraisal
1.8 RIS cost analysis
1.8.1 Outdoor semi-passive and active RIS cost analysis at high areas of deployment
1.8.2 Indoor semi-passive RIS cost analysis at volume
1.9 The different prioritisation of research and company development for 5G and 6G
1.10 6G RIS SWOT appraisal
1.11 RIS evolution 2025-2045
1.12 5G and 6G RIS roadmap 2025-2045
1.13 Trend from RIS components-in-a-box to smart materials 2025-2045

1.14 Market forecasts 2025-2045
1.14.1 6G RIS market yearly area added bn. sq. m., price $ ex factory $/ square meter, semi-
passive ,active and total market value table 2029-2045: table
1.14.2 6G RIS Area sales yearly billion square meters 2029-2045: graph with explanation
1.14.3 Average 6G RIS price expressed as $/ square m. ex-factory including electronics 2029-2045
1.14.4 RIS value market $ billion by active and three semi-passive categories 2029-2045: table
1.14.5 6G RIS value market $ billion by active and three semi-passive categories 2029-2045 graph
with explanation
1.14.6 6G reconfigurable intelligent surfaces cumulative panels number deployed billion by year
end 2029-2045
1.14.7 6G fully passive metamaterial reflect-array market $ billion 2029-2045
1.14.8 6G RIS value market, base station part, other terahertz electronics market $ billion
1.14.9 Percentage share of global RIS hardware value market by four regions 2029-2045
1.14.10 Market for 6G vs 5G base stations units millions yearly 2029-2045
2. Definition, origin, importance, key issues, required capabilities
2.1 Definitions and nomenclature
2.2 Terminology thicket
2.3 1G to 6G journey
2.4 RIS explanation and purposes
2.4.1 Explanation
2.4.2 ITU proposals and 3GPP initiatives
2.4.3 RIS assisted wireless communication landscape
2.4.4 RIS patenting
2.5 Trend to beam forming and steering but “beam” is a euphemism
2.6 Inadequate attention to hardware, importance of ultimate performance targets
2.7 RIS from the systems and security viewpoint
2.8 6G global architecture proposals, complementary systems and the range dilemma

2.9 Infogram of 6G and complementary systems using RIS with references to recent research
2.10 Infogram of likely 6G hardware and allied manufacturers
2.11 RIS compared to traditional approaches: mixed approaches
2.12 Diverse functionalities and applications of reconfigurable and intelligent metasurfaces
2.13 Examples of 6G RIS initiatives worldwide
2.13.1 ETSI ISG RIS with 32 member organisations , other initiatives
2.13.2 RISE 6G Europe
2.13.3 UK-Korea collaboration
2.13.4 Japan
2.13.5 China
3. Ultimate 6G RIS hardware objectives: invisible, independent, ubiquitous, multifunctional,
everlasting
3.1 Overview
3.1.1 The journey to vanishing cleverer longer-lasting RIS
3.1.2 Eight options that can be combined for energy independent long-life 6G RIS etc.
3.2 Metasurface energy harvesting likely for 6G
3.3 RIS will become zero energy devices and they will enable ZED client devices
3.4 Routes to self-powered, long life RIS
3.4.1 6G ZED enabling technologies and materials
3.4.2 Maturity of primary ZED enabling technologies in 2025
3.4.3 Ranking of most popular 6G ZED compounds and carbon allotropes in research
3.4.4 Context of ZED: overlapping and adjacent technologies and examples of long-life energy
independence
3.4.5 SWIPT, STIIPT, AmBC, CD-ZED, battery elimination, with 17 2024, 2023 research papers
analysed
3.4.6 13 harvesting technologies for 6G ZED infrastructure and client devices 2025-2045

3.4.7 6G active RIS and UM MIMO base station power demands matched to energy harvesting
options
3.4.8 “Perpetual” RIS using energy harvesting
3.4.9 Device battery-free storage: supercapacitors, LIC, massless energy
3.4.10 SWOT appraisal of batteryless storage technologies for ZED RIS and more
3.4.11 SWOT appraisal of circuits and infrastructure that eliminate storage
3.5 Long life: self-healing materials for fit-and-forget
3.6 Multifunctional RIS: solid-state cooling functionality can enhance RIS acceptability, payback
3.7 Multifunctional RIS assists energy harvesting
3.8 Multifunctional RIS with integral sensing ISAC and positioning
3.9 RIS ensuring system security: combined semi-passive and active RIS
4. Transparent passive reflect-arrays and all-round STAR RIS
4.1 Overview
4.2 Situation with transparent 6G transmission-handling surfaces in 2024-5
4.3 Options for 6G beam-handling surfaces that can be visually transparent or opaque
4.4 Transparent IRS and RIS can go almost anywhere
4.5 Transparent passive intelligent reflecting surface IRS: Meta Nanoweb® Sekisui
4.6 Transparent RIS
4.6.1 Overview
4.6.2 NTT DOCOMO transparent RIS
4.6.3 Cornell University RIS prototype and later work elsewhere
4.7 Simultaneous transmissive and reflective STAR RIS
4.7.1 Overview
4.7.2 STAR-RIS optimisation
4.7.3 STAR-RIS-ISAC integrated sensing and communication system
4.7.4 TAIS Transparent Amplifying Intelligent Surface and SWIPT active STAR-RIS

4.7.5 STAR-RIS with energy harvesting and adaptive power
4.7.6 Potential STAR-RIS applications including MIMO and security
4.7.7 STAR RIS SWOT appraisal
4.8 Other research papers analysed from 2024
4.9 Other research papers analysed from 2023
4.10 Earlier work - examples
5. Base station, UAV and large area MIMO RIS
5.1 Definitions and the link between base station and aerial RIS
5.2 UAV drones and RIS
5.2.1 Small local and large stratospheric, RIS relay and base station
5.2.2 Large stratospheric HAPS RIS
5.3 Aerial RIS base station research
5.4 Research in 2024 related to UAV RIS: 52 other papers
5.5 RIS as small cell base station
5.6 RIS-enabled, self-sufficient, ultra-massive 6G UM-MIMO base station design
5.7 Other MIMO large area RIS advances
5.8 RIS for massive MIMO base station: Tsinghua University, Emerson
5.9 Next advances planned ELAA
6. 6G RIS hardware and system design enhancing the propagation path at sub-THz, THz
6.1 Needs, primary impediments
6.2 The different prioritisation of research and company development for 5G and 6G
6.3 RIS operation modes
6.3.1 Time and processing
6.3.2 Direction and absorption
6.3.3 Single- or multi- functional

6.3.4 Frequency choices: 6G in the electromagnetic EM spectrum
6.3.5 Alternative architectures reducing cost, complexity, and power consumption
6.4 RIS design for specific industries and changes: custom designed and self-adaptive RIS
6.4.1 Introduction and environment adaptive example
6.4.2 Multi-user RIS
6.4.3 Indoor RIS design
6.4.4 Agricultural RIS design
6.4.5 High speed rail RIS design
6.4.6 Industry 5.0 RIS design
6.5 RIS tuning hardware options compared
6.5.1 Infogram: RIS specificity, tuning criteria, physical principles, activation options
6.5.2 Examples of how electrical and optical RIS tuning control are preferred
6.5.3 Infogram: The Terahertz Gap demands different tuning materials and devices
6.5.4 5G RIS tuning options with limited 6G 0.1-0.3THz capability: HEMT, CMOS, PIN, Schottky - 7
pages
6.5.5 Detailed comparison of various RIS controlling techniques and popular tuning material
parameters
6.6 Detail on some promising and less-promising tuning materials for 6G RIS 0.1-1THz and NearIR
6.6.1 Winners on current evidence
6.6.2 Why 5G RIS tuning is of limited relevance to 6G needs
6.6.3 Why magnetics, mechanics, MEMS and microfluidics are weaker candidates for 6G RIS
6.6.4 Vanadium dioxide tuning: major progress in 2024 - 16 pages
6.6.5 Chalcogenide phase change materials notably GST and GeTe tuning - 8 pages
6.6.6 Graphene tuning: graphene plasmonics and gated graphene; major progress in 2024 - 21
pages
6.6.7 Other 2D material tuning - one page
6.6.8 Liquid crystal tuning: major progress in 2024- 13 pages

6.7 Analysis of other research papers in 2024 for THz RIS and below
6.8 Analysis of other research papers in 2024 for THz RIS and below
7. Optical carriers: 6G ORIS hardware and system design enhancing the propagation path at near
infrared and visible frequencies
7.1 Overview of near-infrared and visible light ORIS and allied device design
7.2 Prioritisation of research and company development are inappropriate; analysis
7.3 Importance of visible light communication for 6G
7.4 Challenges addressed by FSO and VLC
7.5 How attenuation in air by frequency and type 0.1THz to visible is complementary
7.6 ORIS indoor, outdoor and underwater
7.7 Part of stratospheric communications and beyond
7.8 6G RIS and LED optical communication technologies including LiFi
7.9 LED and potentially 6G LiFi and 6G optical RIS materials
7.10 Envisioned RIS-enabled 6G LiFi applications in indoor and outdoor scenarios.
7.11 LED communication generally
7.12 System model for a RIS-aided indoor VLC system
7.13 Metamaterial ORIS for 6G Communication and system design
7.14 Metalenses for 6G Communication
7.15 Mirror array ORIS design
7.16 Possible combined light/THz 6G Communications for best QOS
7.17 Appraisal of other research in 2024 and 2023
7.18 Significant earlier research
8. Key enabling hardware: metamaterials, metasurfaces
8.1 Overview
8.2 Electrically-functionalised transparent glass for 6G Communications and other OTA, TIRS
8.3 The meta-atom and patterning options

8.4 Commercial, operational, theoretical, structural options compared
8.5 Metamaterial patterns and materials
8.6 Six formats of communications metamaterial with examples
8.7 Tunable metamaterials
8.8 Metasurface primer
8.8.1 Metasurface design, operation and RIS
8.8.2 RIS and reflect-array construction and potential capability
8.8.3 How metamaterial RIS hardware operates
8.8.4 Categories of reconfigurable and programmable metasurfaces
8.8.5 Metamaterial reflect arrays (also called intelligent reflective surfaces IRS or fully-passive RIS)
for 6G
8.8.6 Hypersurfaces and bifunctional metasurfaces
8.9 The long-term picture of metamaterials overall
8.10 Emerging applications of GHz, THz, infrared and optical metamaterials
8.11 SWOT appraisal for metamaterials and metasurfaces generally
9. 6G RIS and reflect-array manufacture, testing, cost breakdown, small companies involved
9.1 Thin film and transparent electronics state-of-the-art
9.2 Trend from discrete boards, stacked films to full smart material integration
9.3 Importance of flexible, laminar and 2D energy harvesting and sensing
9.4 How manufacturing technologies differ for 6G RIS optical, low or high THz
9.5 Formats for manufacturing planned 6G RIS devices and systems
9.6 All-metal terahertz metasurfaces
9.7 All-dielectric terahertz metasurfaces: new advances in 2024
9.8 Ionic metasurfaces by ultra-fast laser tailoring
9.9 6G RIS testing
9.10 RIS cost analysis

9.10.1 Outdoor semi-passive and active RIS cost analysis at high areas of deployment
9.10.2 Indoor semi-passive RIS cost analysis at volume
9.11 Small and medium non-telco companies involved in 6G manufacturing technologies
9.11.1 Echodyne USA
9.11.2 Evolv Technology USA
9.11.3 Fractal Antenna Systems USA
9.11.4 Greenerwave France
9.11.5 iQLP USA
9.11.6 Kymeta Corp. USA
9.11.7 Meta Materials Canada
9.11.8 Metacept Systems USA
9.11.9 Metawave USA
9.11.10 Pivotal Commware USA
9.11.11 SensorMetrix USA
9.11.12 Teraview USA