Table of Content

1. Executive Summary and Conclusions with 32 market forecast lines 2024-2044
1.1 Purpose of this report
1.2 Methodology of this analysis
1.3 20 primary conclusions with 3 infograms
1.4 Examples of winning and losing 6G low loss, thermal materials and 6G frequencies
1.5 Organisations developing 6G hardware and likely purchasers
1.6 How material needs change with 6G communications
1.6.1 Effect of changing network structure
1.6.2 Prevalence of low loss and thermal materials in 6G research by formulation
1.7 The quest for 6G low loss materials
1.7.1 Basic mechanisms affecting THz permittivity are challenging at 6G frequencies
1.7.2 THz dielectric permittivity for 19 compounds simplified
1.7.3 Dissipation factor across THz frequency for 16 material families: the big picture
1.7.4 Choice of 14 families of low permittivity, low loss dielectrics for 6G vs five criteria
1.7.5 Seeking low loss through composites and porosity
1.7.6 THz dissipation factor variation for 19 material families: the detail
1.7.7 SWOT appraisal of 6G low loss material opportunities
1.8 The quest for 6G thermal materials
1.8.1 Changing balance of needs
1.8.2 Incremental and disruptive opportunities for 6G thermal materials
1.8.3 Comparison of thermal categories against locations, 5G and 6G needs
1.8.4 Seven thermal material attributes against nine physical options
1.8.5 Infographic: base station thermal issues and latest proposals
1.8.6 Here come energy harvesting thermal needs
1.8.7 SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications thermal material opportunities
1.9 Technology roadmaps 2024-2044 and 32 market forecast lines 2024-2044
1.9.1 Assumptions
1.9.2 6G general roadmap by six categories 2024-2044
1.9.3 6G RIS roadmap 2024-2044
1.10 Market forecasts for 6G low-loss and thermal materials in14 lines 2024-2044
1.10.1 Low loss materials for 6G systems vs devices $ billion 2024-2044
1.10.2 Low loss materials for 6G devices area million square meters 2024-2044
1.10.3 Low loss materials for 6G value market % by frequency in two categories 2029-2044
1.10.4 Low loss and thermal materials for 6G value market % by location 2029-2044
1.10.5 Thermal management material and structure for 6G Communications infrastructure and client devices $ billion 2024-2044
1.10.6 5G and 6G thermal interface material market $ billion 2024-2044
1.10.7 Smartphone thermal materials market area million square meters 2023-2043
1.10.8 6G base stations thermal interface materials million square meters 2024-2044
1.11 Background forecasts in 18 lines 2024-2044
1.11.1 Total thermal interface material market $ billion 2024-2044
1.11.2 Smartphone units sold globally 2023-2044 if 6G is successful
1.11.3 6G RIS market by four parameters 2024-2044
1.11.4 Market for 6G vs 5G base stations units millions yearly 3 categories 2024-2044
1.11.5 X-Reality hardware market with possible 6G impact $ billion 2024-2044
1.11.6 Fiber optic cable market global with possible 6G impact $billion 2024-2044
1.11.7 Global metamaterial/ metasurface market by five parameters 2024-2044
1.11.8 Terahertz hardware market excluding 6G $ billion globally 2024-2044
1.11.9 Internet of Things nodes number billion 2024-2044
1.12 Location of primary 6G material and component activity worldwide

2. Introduction
2.1 Why we need 6G
2.2 Disruptive 6G aspects
2.3 Widening list of 6G aspirations – impact on hardware
2.4 Predictions of NTTDoCoMo, Huawei, Samsung, Nokia and current status
2.5 6G standards procedure settled
2.6 Infogram: Progress from 1G-6G rollouts 1980-2043
2.7 Three infograms: 6G in action land, water, air and low loss and thermal needs
2.8 Likely 6G evolution
2.9 Non-metals gain share
2.10 The arguments against 6G
2.11 SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications as currently understood
2.12 Transmission distance dilemma calls for power, thermal and dielectric advances
2.13 The going green dilemma - impact on materials
2.14 14 applications of 20 emerging inorganic compounds in potential 6G communications
2.15 14 applications of 10 elements in potential 6G communications
2.16 14 applications of 6 emerging organic families in potential 6G communications
2.17 Roundup
2.18 Manufacturing technologies for 6G high added value materials
2.18.1 Reel to reel by technology
2.18.2 Thermal material manufacturing for 6G
2.18.3 New thermal interface material TIM manufacturing technology in 2022
2.18.4 New heat spreader manufacturing technology in 2022
2.19 SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications material and component opportunities

3. Low loss materials and applications for 6G
3.1 Definition, requirements and choices for 6G low-loss materials
3.1.1 Overview
3.1.2 Important parameters for 6G dielectrics at device, board, package and RIS level
3.1.3 Thermoset vs thermoplastic vs inorganic compounds
3.1.4 Special case: high resistivity silicon for THz frequencies
3.1.5 Special cases: phase change and electric-sensitive dielectrics for 6G
3.2 Major changes in low-loss material choices from 5G to 6G
3.2.1 Infogram: Changes from 5G to 6G: better parameters, lower costs, larger areas
3.2.2 Low loss materials adoption for 3G, 4G, 5G
3.3 Different dielectric needs and choices for 6G
3.3.1 Compared to 5G
3.3.2 Reasons for the increasing variety of dielectrics needed for 6G
3.3.3 Basic mechanisms affecting THz permittivity are challenging at 6G frequencies
3.3.4 Seeking low loss through composites and porosity
3.4 Permittivity 0.1-1THz for 19 dielectric families
3.5 Dissipation factor 0.1-1THz for 16 dielectric families: the big picture
3.5.1 The loss-frequency map explained
3.5.2 Choice of 14 families of low permittivity, low loss dielectrics for 6G against 5 criteria
3.6 Dissipation factor 0.1-1THz for 19 dielectric families: the detail
3.7 Primary mentions of low loss and thermal materials in 6G research
3.8 Trend to integrated low loss materials for 6G
3.9 Compromises with 6G low loss materials depending on format and application
3.10 Routine and unusual dielectrics have applications in 6G systems
3.10.1 Polyphenylene oxide PPO,PPE and Noryl™
3.10.2 Why silica is one of the most popular porous options for 6G
3.11 Low loss materials for 6G base stations and distributed equipment
3.11.1 Overview and the dielectric waveguide option
3.11.2 Traditional base station becomes ultra massive MIMO = UM-MIMO for 6G
3.11.3 Metaradomes 3.11.4 Low loss materials for reprogrammable intelligent surfaces
3.12 THz waveguides for 6G client devices, rooms and outdoors
3.13 SWOT appraisal of 6G low loss material opportunities

4. Epsilon near zero ENZ materials and applications for 6G
4.1 ENZ definition and phenomena
4.1.1 Contrast with low-loss materials covered in Chapter 3
4.1.2 ENZ definition
4.1.3 Unfamiliar functions of familiar materials
4.1.4 Magical functions useful for what?
4.2 Examples of ENZ material development

5. 6G thermal management materials and applications: the big picture
5.1 Greater need for thermal materials in 6G demands more innovation
5.2 Thermal issues with 6G equipment on land and in the air
5.2.1 Overview
5.2.2 Thermal issues with 6G infrastructure on land
5.2.3 Infogram: Base station thermal issues and latest proposals
5.2.4 Large battery thermal management for 6G
5.2.5 Extra thermal management challenges
5.2.6 Future needs and trends for 6G devices up to MW power provision for 6G
5.3 Important considerations when solving thermal challenges
5.3.1 Bonding or non-bonding
5.3.2 Varying heat
5.3.3 Placement
5.3.4 Environmental attack
5.4 Heat management structures
5.4.1 Learning from 5G
5.4.2 Choosing a thermal structure
5.4.3 Research on embedded cooling
5.5 Integration of 6G thermal materials
5.6 Diverse new thermal challenges emerging allow in new suppliers
5.6.1 Overview
5.6.2 Water-cooled photovoltaics for heating and electricity: Sunovate
5.6.3 Thermally conductive concrete for on-site 6G power transmission: Heidelberg
5.6.4 Thermoelectrics for 6G temperature control and electricity: Gentherm
5.6.5 Thermoradiative photovoltaics: Stanford
5.6.6 THz thermal switching of vanadium-dioxide-embedded metamaterials for 6G RIS
5.6.7 Thermally switched chalcogenide phase change materials for 6G RIS
5.6.8 Materials for thermal infrared and other photovoltaics: Sharp, Spectrolab, SolAero
5.6.9 Reconfigurable intelligent surface thermal management for 6G
5.7 New heat pipes in 2021 and 2022: biporous wick, two graphene options
5.8 Lessons from latest patents: self-repairing and better performing thermal interface material
5.9 SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications thermal materials opportunities

6. Thermal management materials for 6G smartphones, IOT nodes and other client devices
6.1 Overview
6.2 Targetted activity of 17 companies against 3 thermal material criteria
6.3 Smartphones billion yearly 2023-2043 with 6G impact
6.4 Smartphone thermal materials market area million square meters 2023-2043
6.5 Thermal progress from 5G to 6G smartphones and other client devices
6.5.1 Thermal management locations for 6G smartphones and other client devices
6.5.2 Thermal conductors currently: Henkel, ShinEtsu, Sekisui, Fujitsu, Suzhou Dasen
6.5.3 Microscale heat pipes
6.6 Thermal interface materials for 6G
6.6.1 Seven current options compared against nine parameters
6.6.2 Thermal pastes compared for 6G devices
6.6.3 Trending: phase change materials
6.6.4 Trending: annealed pyrolytic graphite
6.7 Thermal insulation internally aerogel WL Gore
6.7.2 Thermal insulation to protect smartphones from the sun and cold
6.7.3 other companies involved in silica aerogel insulation

7. Wild cards for 6G thermal management: thermal metamaterial, thermal hydrogel, thermoelectric heat pump
7.1 Overview
7.2 Thermal hydrogels for passive cooling of 6G microelectronics and photovoltaics
7.3 Thermal metamaterials for 6G devices, infrastructure and photovoltaics
7.4 Radiative cooling of photovoltaics generally
7.5 Thermal metamaterial – Plasmonics Inc and Radi-Cool
7.6 Nano Meta technologies Inc.
7.7 Thermoelectric temperature control for 6G chips
7.8 Non-toxic thermoelectrics

8. Solid state cooling
8.1 Definition and need for solid-state cooling
8.2 Solid state cooling toolkit
8.3 Eleven primary conclusions with five infographics
8.4 The most needed compounds for future solid-state cooling
8.5 Twelve solid-state cooling operating principles compared by 10 capabilities
8.6 Research pipeline of solid-state cooling by topic vs technology readiness level
8.7 Heart of emerging solid-state cooling
8.8 Function and format of solid-state cooling and prevention of heating
8.9 The future of thermal interface materials and other cooling by thermal conduction
8.10 SWOT appraisal for silicone thermal conduction materials
8.11 SWOT appraisals of solid-state cooling in general and seven emerging versions
8.12 SWOT appraisal of Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling PDRC
8.13 SWOT appraisal of self-cooling radiative metafabric
8.14 SWOT appraisal of Anti-Stokes fluorescent cooling
8.15 SWOT appraisal of electrocaloric cooling and thermal management
8.16 SWOT appraisal of magnetocaloric cooling
8.17 SWOT appraisal of mechanocaloric cooling
8.18 SWOT appraisal of thermoelectric cooling and temperature control
8.19 Undesirable materials widely used and proposed: this is an opportunity for you
8.20 Attention vs maturity of cooling technologies 3 curves 2024, 2034, 2044

9. Metamaterials for 6G applications
9.1 Overview
9.2 The meta-atom and patterning options
9.3 Commercial, operational, theoretical, structural options compared
9.4 Metamaterial patterns and materials
9.5 Six formats of metamaterial needed for 6G with examples
9.6 Metasurface primer
9.7 Hypersurfaces
9.8 The long-term picture of metamaterials overall
9.9 Metasurface energy harvesting likely for 6G
9.10 GHz, THz, infrared and optical metamaterials
9.11 SWOT assessments for metamaterials and metasurfaces generally