Table of Content

1. Executive summary and conclusions

1A Purpose, definitions, methodology, needs, technologies
1.1 Purpose of this report
1.2 Methodology
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Infogram: Major new cooling and thermal management needs arrive 2023-2043
1.4.1 Three infograms: Unsustainable growth in conventional air conditioning, refrigerators, freezers
1.4.2 Electric vehicles land, water and air create major new needs
1.4.3 New large batteries need better thermal management or lower cost: annotated Ragone plot by technologies
1.4.4 Grid batteries and Long Duration Energy Storage LDES create major new markets for thermal management
1.4.5 How Long Duration Energy Storage LDES will create major new demand for active cooling
1.4.6 Cooling the power hungry new processors, power electronics for grids, microgrids, telecoms.
1.4.7 How 6G Communications will bring major new active cooling demand
1.4.8 Why data centers will need more active cooling
1.5 Examples of principles employed for cooling or prevention of heating
1.5.1 Options for cooling and prevention of heating beyond thermal insulation
1.5.2 Different cooling technologies for different applications but some cross-fertilisation
1.5.3 Options for solid state active cooling and temperature control
1.5.4 Caloric cooling and thermal management with electrocaloric SWOT appraisal
1.5.5 Thermoelectrics reinvented with SWOT appraisal
1.6 Seven primary conclusions: emerging demand for active cooling and thermal management
1.7 14 primary conclusions: emerging technologies for active cooling and thermal management

1B Market forecasts, roadmaps
1.8 Market forecasts 2023-2043
1.8.1 Air conditioner value market $ billion 2023-2043
1.8.2 Refrigerator and freezer value market $ billion 2023-2043
1.8.3 Thermoelectric value market $ billion: materials, modules, host equipment 2023-2043
1.8.4 Caloric cooling market: materials, modules, host equipment 2023-2043
1.8.5 Cryogenic equipment market 2023-2043
1.8.6 Smartphone thermal materials market area million square meters 2023-2043
1.8.7 Percentage division of $2 billion market in 2036 for low loss and thermal materials for 6G infrastructure and client devices
1.8.8 6G and 6G/5G smartphone combined sales units billion yearly 2023-2043
1.8.9 Smartphones billion yearly with 6G impact 2023-2043
1.8.10 6G base stations thermal interface materials million square meters 2023-2043
1.8.11 Market for 6G base stations millions 2023-2043
1.8.12 Internet of Things nodes number billion 2023-2043
1.8.13 Stationary battery market 2023-2043
1.8.14 LDES market by 11 technology categories $ billion 2023-2043, winners, losers
1.8.15 Regional split of LDES market value 2023 and 2043
1.8.16 Cumulative installed LDES rated power TW 2023-2043
1.8.17 Thermal material host hardware market $ billion 2023
1.9 Technology maturity
1.9.1 Active cooling and thermal management technology maturity by type 2023
1.9.2 Active cooling and thermal management technology maturity by type 2033
1.9.3 Active cooling and thermal management technology maturity by type 2043
1.10 Active cooling and thermal management roadmaps
1.10.1 Active cooling and thermal management market and technology roadmap 2023-2033
1.10.2 Active cooling and thermal management market and technology roadmap 2034-2043

2. Cooling problems that are emerging opportunities 2023-2043
2.1 Overview
2.2 New and strengthening needs for cooling
2.2.1 Future buildings
2.2.2 Vehicles and large batteries for vehicles, microgrids and grids
2.2.3 Thermal management for the new Long Duration Energy Storage
2.2.4 Large processors, power electronics for grids, microgrids, vehicles, telecoms.
2.2.5 Planned 6G Communications, other electronics, ICT including data centers
2.2.6 Windows and greenhouses
2.2.7 Solar panels and surfaces
2.2.8 Cooling apparel and wearables
2.2.9 Food supply chains and medical
2.2.10 Large batteries for electric vehicles land, water, air
2.2.11 Sensors measuring or using thermal phenomena

3. Active cooling reinvented: buildings, windows, fans
3.1 Overview
3.2 Active vs passive cooling
3.3 Finding air conditioner alternatives that are lower power, greener, more affordable
3.4 Helium thermoacoustic freezer: lessons of failure
3.5 Powered windows and facades that cool or prevent heat on demand
3.5.1 Radiative electrochromism
3.5.2 Switchable optofluidics
3.5.3 Multimode optofluidics
3.5.4 Switchable phase change reflection
3.5.5 Electricity from electrochromics
3.5.6 Acoustic Friendly Ventilation Window AFVW
3.6 Hydrogen in transit and its refuelling station cooling: NanoSun Coolth
3.7 Fan cooling reinvented – phone to subway
3.7.1 Super efficient blown cooling in electronics: Frore Airjet®, Nubia
3.7.2 Smartphone multi-mode cooling: 3D ice-level dual pump VC liquid cooling Infinix, Nubia
3.7.3 New subway cooling technology
3.8 Expected extra cooling demand in 6G Communications infrastructure and client devices
3.9 SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications thermal material opportunities

4. Active cooling reinvented: Large batteries for land, water and airborne vehicles, microgrids, grids and the emerging Long Duration Energy Storage LDES
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 Emerging markets for cooling solutions including large batteries for vehicles, grids and batteryless LDES for grids
4.2 New batteries and their thermal management opportunities emerging
4.2.1 Infogram: specific energy vs specific power for kWh-MWh battery storage technologies
4.2.2 Battery thermal safety issues and new solutions
4.2.3 Traditional cooling approaches for large battery in a electric car, truck, boat, aircraft
4.2.4 Examples of proposed cooling of large batteries in future
4.3 LDES – a large emerging market for thermal solutions
4.3.1 Prioritising LDES cooling and thermal management opportunities
4.3.2 Thermal management for the new Long Duration Energy Storage
4.3.3 Identifying the best opportunities for cooling and thermal management solutions
4.4 Compressed air energy storage CAES thermal opportunities
4.5 Liquefied air energy storage LAES thermal opportunities
4.6 Carbon dioxide energy storage thermal opportunities

5. New arrivals: caloric cooling and temperature control
5.1 Options for solid state cooling and temperature control
5.2 Basic principles
5.3 Electrocaloric cooling shoots ahead of other caloric options – work ahead
5.3.1 Choosing electrocaloric materials
5.3.2 Material taxonomies and measurement issues
5.3.3 Order of phase transition and speed of response
5.3.4 Polymers and polymer nancomposites compared
5.3.5 Ceramics compared
5.3.6 Direct electrocaloric cooling by negative effect
5.3.7 Likely EC applications and system designs based on current knowledge
5.3.8 Recent research on electrocaloric material formulations
5.3.9 Recent research on electrocaloric systems
5.3.10 SWOT appraisal of electrocaloric cooling and thermal management
5.4 Magnetocaloric and mechanocaloric (elastocaloric, barocaloric, twistocaloric) cooling
5.4.1 Research on barocaloric materials and systems
5.4.2 Research on elastocaloric and other mechanocaloric materials and systems
5.5 Ionocaloric and electrochemical cooling
5.5.1 Ionocaloric cooling
5.5.2 Continuous electrochemical refrigeration Brayton cycle

6. Thermoelectric cooling reinvented
6.1 Basics
6.1.1 Operation
6.1.2 Thermoelectric effects and relevance to cooling
6.2 SWOT appraisal of thermoelectric cooling and temperature control
6.3 Radical new advances
6.3.1 Thermal locking by ferrons
6.3.2 Spin driven thermoelectrics
6.3.3 New manufacturing for new morphology
6.3.4 Radiative cooling powering active cooling
6.3.5 Non-toxic and less toxic thermoelectrics, some lower cost
6.3.6 Better performing thermoelectric cooling materials ahead
6.4 Emerging applications of thermoelectric cooling
6.4.1 Overview
6.4.2 Water coolers, medical devices, humid environments
6.4.3 Vehicle seats, aircraft, small refrigerators, batteries
6.4.4 Scientific instruments, next generation chips, lasers
6.5 82 Manufactures of Peltier thermoelectric modules and products