Table of Content

1. Executive summary and conclusions

ANALYSIS
1.1 Purpose of this report
1.2 Methodology of this analysis
1.3 The big picture
1.3.1 Primary conclusions: passive cooling main market drivers and by sector in 2043
1.3.2 How cooling will be required for very large to very small locations
1.3.3 Electrification will be more important than the hydrogen economy
1.3.4 Evolving market needs: buildings
1.3.5 Some needs get crimped and fuel supply chains and vehicles get simpler
1.4 Technology for passive cooling 2023-2043
1.4.1 Overview and SWOT appraisal
1.4.2 The cooling toolkit
1.4.3 Examples of principles employed for cooling or prevention of heating
1.4.4 Function and format
1.4.5 SWOT appraisal of Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling PDRC
1.4.6 Primary conclusions: technologies
1.5 Opportunities for passive cooling materials 2023-2043
1.5.1 Overview
1.5.2 Primary emerging carbons and compounds for passive cooling 2023-2043
1.5.3 Formats of emerging carbon types and of compounds for passive thermal cooling
1.5.4 Polymer choices for passive cooling: silicones vs carbon-based
1.5.5 SWOT appraisal for silicone thermal conduction materials
1.5.6 Carbon-based polymers: host materials and particulates prioritised in research
1.5.7 The future of thermal interface materials
1.5.8 SWOT appraisal of self-cooling radiative metafabric
1.5.9 SWOT appraisal of anti-Stokes radiative fluorescence cooling
1.5.10 Phase change cooling modes and materials
1.5.11 Passive phase change cooling subsets, prospective applications
1.5.12 Undesirable materials widely used and proposed: this is an opportunity for you
1.6 Maturity of passive cooling technologies vs new active options 2023, 2033, 2043

MARKET FORECASTS AND ROADMAPS
1.7 Market forecasts 2023-2043 in 28 lines
1.7.1 Passive vs active cooling market $ billion 2023-2043
1.7.2 Market for passive cooling materials and structures in 11 categories highlighting emerging technologies $ billion 2023-2043 table
1.7.3 As above as area graph with commentary
1.7.4 Cooling material value market by operating principle 2023 and 2043
1.7.5 Thermal interface materials EVTI vs total market global $ billion 2023-2043
1.7.6 Heat pipe global market $ billion 2023-2043
1.7.7 Heat sink market global $ billion 2023-2043
1.7.8 Thermal conduction market for copper vs polymer vs graphene structures global $ billion 2023- 2043
1.7.9 Market for all hydrogels vs hydrogel cooling $ billion 2023-2043
1.7.10 Market for all metamaterials vs metamaterial cooling $ billion 2023-2043
1.7.11 Thermally conductive additives market global $ billion 2023
1.7.12 Paint and external surfaces specifically designed for passive cooling global $ billion 2023-2043
1.7.13 Convective, metamaterial and other cooling materials and structures
1.7.14 6G base stations thermal interface materials M square meters 2023-2043
1.7.15 Smartphone thermal materials area million square meters 2023-2043
1.7.16 Internet of Things nodes possible 6G impact number billion 2023-2043
1.7.17 Thermal material location hardware market $ billion 2023
1.7.18 Thermal conductive, insulating and low-loss materials share for 6G Communications in 2036
1.7.19 6G hardware value market by type 2036
1.7.20 6G and 6G/5G smartphone combined sales units billion yearly 2023-2043
1.7.21 Smartphones billion yearly with 6G impact 2023-2043
1.8 Passive cooling roadmap by market and by technology 2022-2031
1.9 Passive cooling roadmap by market and by technology 2032-2043

2. Current situation, changing needs, new options 2023-2043
2.1 Cooling needs increase for many reasons 2023-2043
2.2 Cooling people and things: the active and passive cooling toolkit
2.2.1 Cooling people is different from cooling things
2.2.2 Active and passive cooling compared
2.3 Some emerging opportunities set the scene
2.3.1 Cooling apparel: the unsolved problem
2.3.2 Food supply chains and medical: new opportunities
2.3.3 Greater challenges and opportunities cooling semiconductors
2.3.4 Cooling various forms of solar power: large emerging need, new possibilities
2.4 Examples of both active and passive cooling needed in a given system
2.4.1 Four sectors compared: multiple solutions
2.4.2 Major new cooling opportunities in electronics and ICT
2.4.3 6G Communications in 2030 grows cooling demand: analysis and SWOT
2.4.4 Activity of 17 companies against 3 thermal material criteria
2.4.5 Data center thermal challenges increase
2.5 Growing problems create large passive cooling opportunities in buildings
2.5.1 Overview
2.5.2 Example: NEOM smart city Saudi Arabia
2.6 New passive cooling must assist active cooling of buildings, refrigerators, freezers, vehicles
2.7 Electric vehicles land, water and air create major new needs for thermal management
2.8 New large batteries need better thermal management or lower cost: annotated Ragone plot by technologies and Henkel examples
2.9 Cooling power-hungry power electronics for grids, microgrids, telecoms.
2.10 Thermal insulation for heat spreaders and other passive cooling
2.10.1 Silica aerogel is trending: example W.L.Gore enhancing graphite heat spreader performance
2.10.2 Protecting smartphones from heat
2.10.3 15 companies involved in silica aerogel colling and heat protection

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

3. Passive radiative and heat sink radiative/ convective cooling: emerging materials and devices toolkit 2023-2043
3.1 Radiative cooling and heat sink convection or radiative cooling
3.1.1 Heat sinks/ radiators can cool convectively or radiatively
3.1.2 Conventional convective heat sinks
3.1.3 Advanced heat sinks: 3DP, graphene, smart fractal microchannel heat sink (SFMHS) integrated with thermo-responsive hydrogels
3.1.4 Passive liquid cooling: two stage and immersion cooling
3.1.5 Increasing the heat carrying capacity of liquid solar panel cooling
3.2 Radiative cooling
3.2.1 Traditional radiative cooling
3.2.2 Future radiative cooling of buildings
3.3 Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC)
3.3.1 Overview
3.3.2 New materials innovations
3.3.2 Achieving commercialisation requirements
3.3.3 Example: Nano photonic radiative cooling film for refineries
3.3.4 Color without compromise?
3.3.5 Environmental and inexpensive materials development
3.3.6 SWOT appraisal of Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling PDRC
3.4 Other emerging forms of radiative cooling
3.4.1 Toolkit and maturity curve
3.4.2 Tailorable emittance coatings, paints, tapes
3.4.3 Thermal louvers
3.4.4 Deployable radiators in space
3.4.5 Tuned radiative cooling using both sides: Janus emitter JET
3.4.6 JET for cooling enclosed space
3.4.7 Self-adaptive radiative cooling based on phase change materials
3.4.8 Anti Stokes fluorescence cooling with SWOT appraisal
3.4.9 Self-cooling radiative metafabric
3.4.10 Wearable thermoregulatory fluidic systems
3.5 SWOT appraisal of passive radiative cooling

4. Passive conductive cooling: emerging materials and devices toolkit 2023-2043
4.1 Overview: adhesives to thermally conductive concrete
4.1.1 TIM, heat spreaders from micro to heavy industrial
4.1.2 Thermal conduction cooling geometries for electronics and electric vehicles
4.1.3 Trending: annealed pyrolytic graphite APG for semiconductor cooling: Boyd
4.1.4 Thermally conductive graphite polyamide concrete
4.2 Important considerations when solving thermal challenges with conductive materials
4.2.1 Bonding or non-bonding
4.2.2 Varying heat
4.2.3 Electrically conductive or not
4.2.4 Placement
4.2.5 Environmental attack
4.2.6 Choosing a thermal structure
4.2.7 Research on embedded cooling
4.3 Thermal Interface Material TIM
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Seven current options compared against nine parameters
4.3.3 Thermal pastes compared
4.3.4 TIM and other examples today: Henkel, Momentive, ShinEtsu, Sekisui, Fujitsu, Suzhou Dasen
4.3.5 37 examples of TIM manufacturers
4.3.6 Thermal interface material trends as needs change: graphene, liquid metals etc.
4.3.7 Lessons from recent patents
4.4 Polymer choices: silicones or carbon-based
4.4.1 Comparison
4.4.2 Silicone parameters, ShinEtsu, patents
4.4.3 SWOT appraisal for silicone thermal conduction materials
4.5 Thermally conductive carbon-based polymers: targetted features and applications
4.5.1 Overview
4.5.2 Examples of companies making thermally conductive additives
4.5.3 Carbon-based polymers: host materials and particulates prioritised in research
4.6 Quantum dot cooling: 3D BN network in white LEDs

5. Passive phase change cooling: evaporative, heat pipe, solid state: emerging materials and devices toolkit 2023-2043
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 Phase change cooling modes and materials – three detailed infograms
5.1.2 Peripheral topics: phase change materials in cooling systems for other reasons
5.2 Evaporative cooling in general
5.2.1 Ambitions, limitations
5.2.2 Porous and wick-based evaporative cooling
5.2.2 Sorption-based evaporative cooling
5.3 Closed evaporative cooling: heat pipes
5.3.1 Definition and overview
5.3.2 Principle of operation and uses
5.3.3 Design options and performance
5.3.4 Options for shape and construction: loop heat pipe, vapor chamber, other
5.3.5 Fujitsu loop heat pipe
5.3.6 Samsung Galaxy vapor chambers
5.3.7 Flat plate heat pipes and derivatives
5.3.8 Flat plate heat pipes and derivatives
5.3.9 Emerging new heat pipe designs, materials, targetted uses: bi-porous wick, graphene
5.3.10 Thermal storage heat pipe - graphene nanoplatelets enhanced organic phase change material
5.3.11 Microscale heat pipes for chip cooling: Infinix and research trends
5.3.12 Direct-to-chip: Infinix
5.4 Open evaporative cooling: hydrogels and open wicking
5.4.1 Hydrogel basics and SWOT appraisal
5.4.2 Formulations
5.4.3 Capture
5.4.4 Emerging cooling hydrogels for food, apparel, next microchips, power electronics, data centers, solar panels, large batteries, cell towers and buildings
5.4.5 Moisture thermal battery for future CPU, antennas, power transistors, 6G base stations etc
5.4.6 Aerogel and hydrogel together cool pharmaceuticals and food
5.4.7 Hydroceramic hydrogel cooling architectural structure
5.4.8 Self-cooling smart actuator for soft robotics
5.4.9 Cooling solar panels and gathering water
5.4.10 Cooling with heat harvesting and electricity generation
5.5 Wicking reinvented for tents
5.6 Phase change cooling by melting solids and waxes for battery, solar panel and apparel cooling
5.6.1 Overview
5.6.2 Passive cooled PV panels by phase change materials that melt
5.6.3 Phase change cooling of apparel by melting
5.7 Phase change material enhanced radiative cooling

6. Metamaterial and advanced photonic cooling: emerging materials and devices toolkit 2023- 2043
6.1 Metamaterials
6.1.1 Metamaterial and metasurface basics
6.1.2 The meta atom, patterning and functional options
6.1.3 SWOT assessment for metamaterials and metasurfaces generally
6.2 Metasurface energy harvesting and cooling
6.2.1 Metamaterial energy harvesting for metamaterial active cooling
6.2.2 Cooling metamaterials for buildings, solar panels, electronics
6.2.3 Cooling metamaterial developers, manufacturers: Metamaterial Technologies, Plasmonics and, in the past, Radi-Cool
6.3 Advanced photonic cooling and prevention of heating

7. Passive multi-mode multipurpose integrated cooling
7.1 Overview
7.2 Buildings, windows
7.2.1 Multi-mode ICER passive cooling
7.2.2 Radiative cooling extra strong wood derivative structural material
7.2.3 SkyCool radiative cooling for aircon and refrigeration
7.2.4 Smart windows
7.3 Aircraft: strong aerogel multipurpose thermal insulation
7.4 Cooling paints and fabrics
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.2 Super white paint for multimode cooling
7.5 Electronics
7.5.1 Integration of thermal materials
7.5.2 Smartphone: 3D ice-level dual pump VC liquid cooling Infinix, Nubia
7.5.3 6G Communications
7.6 Evaporative cooling of solar panels with desalination
7.7 Medical: multi-mode passive cooling in electronic skin patches
7.8 Self repairing and cooling