Table of Content

1. Executive summary and conclusions
1.1 Purpose of this report
1.2 Methodology of this analysis
1.3 Definition and need for solid-state cooling
1.4 The cooling toolkit
1.5 Eleven primary conclusions with five infographics and one SWOT
1.5.1 12 solid-state cooling operating principles compared by 10 capabilities
1.5.2 Research pipeline of solid-state cooling by topic vs technology readiness level
1.5.3 Heart of the subject of solid-state cooling
1.5.4 Function and format of solid-state cooling and prevention of heating
1.5.5 The future of thermal interface materials and other cooling by thermal conduction
1.6 SWOT appraisals of solid-state cooling in general and seven emerging versions
1.6.1 SWOT appraisal of solid-state cooling in general
1.6.2 SWOT appraisal of Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling PDRC
1.6.3 SWOT appraisal of self-cooling radiative metafabric
1.6.4 SWOT appraisal of anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling
1.6.5 SWOT appraisal of electrocaloric cooling and thermal management
1.6.6 SWOT appraisal of magnetocaloric cooling
1.6.7 SWOT appraisal of mechanocaloric cooling
1.6.8 SWOT appraisal of thermoelectric cooling and temperature control
1.7 Undesirable materials widely used and proposed: this is an opportunity for you
1.8 Attention vs maturity of cooling technologies 2024
1.9 Attention vs maturity of cooling technologies 2034
1.10 Attention vs maturity of cooling technologies 2044
1.11 Global cooling equipment market solid-state and total $ billion 2024-2044
1.12 Global cooling equipment market passive, active and total $ billion 2024-2044
1.13 Global solid-state cooling market forecasts 2024-2044
1.13.1 Solid-state cooling market in eight categories $ billion: table and commentary
1.13.2 Seven global solid-state cooling equipment market forecasts 2024-2044: graphs
1.14 Global cooling forecasts for eight materials in solid-state cooling equipment 2024-2044
1.15 Background forecasts
1.15.1 Air conditioner value market $ billion 2022-2043 and by region
1.15.2 Refrigerator and freezer value market $ billion 2020-2043 and by region
1.15.3 Smartphones billion yearly with 6G impact 2023-2043
1.15.4 Stationary battery market $ billion 2023-2043
1.16 Cooling roadmap by market and by technology 2024-2032
1.17 Cooling roadmap by market and by technology 2032-2044

2. Introduction
2.1 Cooling needs increase for many reasons 2024-2044
2.2 Growing problems and new solutions when cooling buildings
2.2.1 Problems becoming severe with traditional cooling inadequate
2.2.2 Solid state passive cooling for buildings reinvented and new
2.2.3 Cooling windows and greenhouses
2.2.4 Finding air conditioner alternatives that are lower power, greener, more affordable
2.2.5 Comparison of traditional and emerging refrigeration technologies
2.2.6 NEOM smart city The Line in Saudi Arabia
2.3 Major new cooling opportunities in electronics and ICT
2.4 SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications thermal material opportunities
2.5 Cooling various forms of solar power: solar panels, photovoltaic cladding etc.
2.6 Large battery thermal management
2.7 Electric vehicles land, water and air create major new needs for thermal management

3. Passive radiative and heat sink radiative/ convective cooling: emerging materials and devices toolkit 2023-2043
3.1 Radiative cooling and heat sink radiative or convection cooling
3.1.1 Heat sinks/ radiators can cool convectively or radiatively
3.1.2 Conventional convective heat sinks
3.1.3 Advanced radiators and heat sinks
3.2 Radiative cooling
3.2.1 Traditional radiative cooling
3.2.2 Future radiative cooling of buildings
3.3 Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC)
3.3.1 Overview
3.3.2 New materials innovations
3.3.2 Achieving commercialisation requirements
3.3.3 Transparent PDRC for solar panels and windows
3.3.4 Color without compromise?
3.3.5 Environmental and inexpensive materials development
3.3.6 SWOT appraisal of Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling PDRC
3.4 Other emerging forms of radiative cooling
3.4.1 Toolkit and maturity curve
3.4.2 Tailorable emittance coatings, paints, tapes
3.4.3 Thermal louvers
3.4.4 Deployable radiators in space
3.4.5 Tuned radiative cooling using both sides: Janus emitter JET
3.4.6 JET for cooling enclosed space
3.4.7 Self-adaptive radiative cooling based on phase change materials
3.5 SWOT appraisal of passive radiative cooling in general

4. Solid-state conductive cooling: emerging materials and devices toolkit
4.1 Overview: adhesives to thermally conductive concrete
4.1.1 TIM, heat spreaders from micro to heavy industrial
4.1.2 Thermal conduction cooling geometries for electronics and electric vehicles
4.1.3 Trending: annealed pyrolytic graphite APG for semiconductor cooling: Boyd
4.1.4 Thermally conductive graphite polyamide concrete
4.2 Important considerations when solving thermal challenges with conductive materials
4.2.1 Bonding or non-bonding
4.2.2 Varying heat
4.2.3 Electrically conductive or not
4.2.4 Placement
4.2.5 Environmental attack
4.2.6 Choosing a thermal structure
4.2.7 Research on embedded cooling
4.3 Thermal Interface Material TIM
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Seven current options compared against nine parameters
4.3.3 Thermal pastes compared
4.3.4 TIM and other examples today: Henkel, Momentive, ShinEtsu, Sekisui, Fujitsu, Suzhou Dasen
4.3.5 37 examples of TIM manufacturers
4.3.6 Thermal interface material trends as needs change: graphene, liquid metals etc.
4.3.7 Lessons from recent patents
4.4 Polymer choices: silicones or carbon-based
4.4.1 Comparison
4.4.2 Silicone parameters, ShinEtsu, patents
4.4.3 SWOT appraisal for silicone thermal conduction materials
4.5 Thermally conductive carbon-based polymers: targetted features and applications
4.5.1 Overview
4.5.2 Examples of companies making thermally conductive additives
4.5.3 Carbon-based polymers: host materials and particulates prioritised in research
4.6 Quantum dot cooling: 3D BN network in white LEDs

5. Solid-state caloric cooling
5.1 Phase change cooling modes and materials
5.2 The physical principles adjoining caloric cooling
5.3 Operating principles for caloric cooling
5.4 Caloric compared to thermoelectric cooling and temperature control
5.5 Some proposals for work to advance the use of caloric cooling
5.6 Electrocaloric cooling
5.6.1 Operating principles, device construction and form factors
5.6.2 Electrocaloric cooling: issues to address
5.6.3 Choosing electrocaloric materials
5.6.4 Material taxonomies and measurement issues
5.6.5 Order of phase transition and speed of response
5.6.6 Temperature span performance record with an actual cooler
5.6.7 Direct electrocaloric cooling by negative effect
5.6.8 Recent research on complete electrocaloric systems
5.6.9 Likely electrocaloric cooling applications and system designs based on current knowledge
5.6.10 SWOT appraisal of electrocaloric cooling and thermal management
5.6.11 References for recent electrocaloric research
5.7 Magnetocaloric cooling with SWOT appraisal
5.8 Mechanocaloric cooling (elastocaloric, barocaloric, twistocaloric) cooling
5.8.1 Overview
5.8.2 Mechanocaloric cooling SWOT appraisal
5.8.3 Barocaloric cooling
5.8.4 Elastocaloric cooling
5.9 Multicaloric cooling
5.10 Further reading beyond electrocaloric

6. Metamaterial and other advanced photonic cooling
6.1 Metamaterials
6.1.1 Metamaterial and metasurface basics
6.1.2 The meta-atom, patterning and functional options
6.1.3 SWOT assessment for metamaterials and metasurfaces generally
6.2 Metasurface energy harvesting and cooling
6.2.1 Metamaterial energy harvesting for metamaterial active cooling
6.2.2 Cooling metamaterials for buildings, solar panels, electronics
6.2.3 Cooling metamaterial developers, manufacturers: Metamaterial Technologies, Plasmonics and, in the past, Radi-Cool
6.3 Advanced photonic cooling and prevention of heating
6.4 Metafabric for PDRC
6.5 Anti-Stokes fluorescence with SWOT appraisal

7. Future thermoelectric cooling
7.1 Basics
7.1.1 Operation
7.1.2 Thermoelectric effects and relevance to cooling
7.2 SWOT appraisal of thermoelectric cooling and temperature control
7.3 Radical new advances
7.3.1 Thermal locking by ferrons
7.3.2 Spin driven thermoelectrics
7.3.3 New manufacturing for new morphology
7.3.4 Radiative cooling powering active cooling
7.3.5 Non-toxic and less toxic thermoelectrics, some lower cost
7.3.6 Better performing thermoelectric cooling materials ahead
7.4 Emerging applications of thermoelectric cooling
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.2 Water coolers, medical devices, humid environments
7.4.3 Vehicle seats, aircraft, small refrigerators, batteries
7.4.4 Scientific instruments, next generation chips, lasers: Thermion
7.4.5 Accurate temperature-controlled environments: Solid State Cooling Systems
7.5 Metal organic framework thermoelectrics
7.6 82 Manufactures of Peltier thermoelectric modules and products

8. Multi-mode and multipurpose integrated cooling involving solid-state
8.1 Overview
8.2 Buildings, windows
8.2.1 Multi-mode ICER passive cooling
8.2.2 Radiative cooling extra strong wood derivative structural material
8.2.3 SkyCool reflective and radiative cooling for aircon and refrigeration
8.2.4 Smart windows
8.3 Aircraft: strong aerogel multipurpose thermal insulation
8.4 Cooling paints and fabrics
8.4.1 Overview
8.4.2 Super white paint for multimode cooling
8.5 Electronics
8.5.1 Integration of thermal materials
8.5.2 Smartphone: 3D ice-level dual pump VC liquid cooling Infinix, Nubia
8.5.3 6G Communications
8.6 Evaporative cooling of solar panels with desalination
8.7 Medical: multi-mode passive cooling in electronic skin patches
8.8 Self repairing, adhesion and cooling