Table of Content

1. Executive summary and conclusions
1.1 Purpose of this report
1.2 Methodology of this analysis
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Energy storage toolkit
1.4.1 The basic options
1.4.2 Detailed options
1.5 12 Primary conclusions: markets
1.6 Infogram: the most impactful market needs
1.7 Infogram: relative commercial significance of supercapacitor variants 2024-2044
1.8 Market propositions and uses of the most-promising supercapacitor families 2024-2044
1.9 Analysis of supply and potential for large devices
1.10 17 primary conclusions: technologies and manufacturers
1.11 Infogram: the energy density-power density, life, size and weight compromise
1.12 Strategies to achieve less storage make EDLC and BSH more adoptable
1.13 How research needs redirecting: 5 columns, 7 lines
1.14 Market forecasting rationale, SWOT appraisals and roadmaps 2024-2044
1.14.1 Overview
1.14.2 Maximum addressable market by application and technology
1.14.3 SWOT appraisals
1.14.4 Roadmap of market-moving events – technologies, industry and markets 2024-2044
1.15 Supercapacitors and variants forecasts by 26 lines 2024-2044
1.15.1 Supercapacitors and variants market by five types $ billion 2024-2044 table, graph
1.15.2 Supercapacitors and variants value market percent by five regions 2024-2044 table, graph
1.15.3 Supercapacitors and variants value market percent by five applications 2024-2044: table, graph
1.15.4 Supercapacitors and variants value market % by three Wh categories 2024-2044
1.15.5 EDLC value market % by active electrode morphology 2024-2044
1.15.6 Pie charts for 2024 of manufacturer number by product size made, country and percentage using acetonitrile
1.15.7 Supercapacitors and variants: Number of manufacturers, % acetonitrile, average product life years 2014-2044
1.16 Background forecasts by 20 lines 2024-2044

2. Introduction
2.1 Electrification and the need for storage
2.1.1 Going electric dwarfs the hydrogen economy but both need electrical storage
2.1.2 Energy harvesting creates markets for storage
2.1.3 The beyond-grid opportunity
2.1.4 Examples of needs for delayed electricity
2.1.5 Conventional component formats but also structural electrics and electronics
2.2 Energy storage toolkit
2.2.1 The basic options
2.2.2 Detailed options
2.2.3 Voltage and capacitance for cells of supercapacitors and hybrids
2.2.4 Energy density vs power density
2.2.5 34 parameters for Li-ion battery, supercapacitor and LIC variant compared
2.3 Design and chemistry of capacitors including supercapacitors and variants
2.4 SWOT appraisal of supercapacitors and their variants
2.5 Charge-discharge characteristics of lithium-ion battery vs supercapacitor
2.6 Supercapacitors are more than energy storage
2.7 Lively competition between all capacitor and battery technologies

3. Future design principles, materials, research pipeline for supercapacitors including 2024
2.1 Overview
3.2 Factors influencing key supercapacitor parameters driving sales
3.3 Materials choices in general
3.4 Strategies for improving supercapacitors
3.4.1 General
3.4.2 Prioritisation of active electrode-electrolyte pairings
3.5 Significance of graphene in supercapacitors and variants
3.5.1 Overview
3.5.2 Graphene supercapacitor SWOT appraisal
3.5.3 Vertically-aligned graphene for ac and improved cycle life
3.5.4 Frequency performance improvement with graphene
3.5.5 Graphene textile for supercapacitors and sensors
3.5.6 Eleven graphene supercapacitor material and device developers and manufacturers compared in five columns
3.6 Other 2D and allied materials for supercapacitors with examples of research
3.6.1 MOF and MXene and combinations are the focus
3.6.2 Tantalum carbide MXene hybrid as a biocompatible supercapacitor electrodes
3.6.3 Covalent graphene-MOF hybrids for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors
3.6.4 MOFs to prevent stacking layers of graphene and graphene derivatives and increase energy density
3.6.5 CNT
3.7 Research on supercapacitor electrode materials and structures in 2024
3.8 Research on supercapacitor electrode materials and structures in 2023
3.9 Important examples from earlier
3.10 Electrolytes for supercapacitors and variants
3.10.1 General considerations including organic electrolytes
3.10.2 Supercapacitor electrolyte choices
3.10.3 Focus on aqueous supercapacitor electrolytes
3.10.4 Ionic liquid electrolytes in supercapacitor research
3.10.5 Focus on solid state, semi-solid-state and flexible electrolytes
3.10.6 Hydrogels as electrolytes for semi-solid supercapacitors
3.10.7 Supercapacitor concrete and bricks
3.11 Membrane difficulty levels and materials used and proposed
3.12 Reducing self-discharge: great need, little research

4 Future design of pseudocapacitors, CSH and BSH hybrid supercapacitors
4.1 Overview
4.2 Exploiting pseudocapacitance
4.2.1 Understanding pseudocapacitance
4.2.2 Three mechanisms that give rise to pseudocapacitance and the intrinsic/ extrinsic phenomena
4.2.3 Ferrimagnetic pseudocapacitors
4.2.4 Pseudocapacitor optimisation routes emerging
4.2.5 Further reading on pseudocapacitors to 2024
4.3 Design of battery-supercapacitor hybrids
4.3.1 Overview
4.3.2 Large opportunities arriving with large LIC
4.3.2 The many advantages of LIC
4.3.3 Zinc-ion capacitors in 2024 and 2023 research
4.3.4 Sodium-ion capacitors
4.3.5 Other BSH research in 2024 and 2023
4.4 Capacitor supercapacitor hybrid CSH design

5. Flexible, stretchable, fabric, micro and structural supercapacitors including paper, wire and cable
5.1 Overview including printed supercapacitors
5.2 Editable supercapacitors
5.3 Paper supercapacitors and variants
5.4 Textile and fabric supercapacitors and variants including biomimetics
5.5 Both flexible and transparent
5.6 Fabric, tubular flexible and wearable
5.7 Wire and cable supercapacitors
5.8 Micro-supercapacitors

6. Structural supercapacitors
6.1 Needs, formats and cost breakdown
6.2 Structural supercapacitors for aircraft
6.2.1 Imperial College London
6.2.2 Texas A&M University
6.3 Structural supercapacitors for boats and other applications: University of California San Diego
6.4 Structural supercapacitors for road vehicles
6.4.1 MIT-Lamborghini work on an MOF supercar body
6.4.2 Imperial College London and Durham University
6.4.3 Queensland University of Technology Australia
6.4.4 Trinity College Ireland
6.5 Structural supercapacitors for electronics and devices: Vanderbilt University USA

7. Emerging markets : basic trends and best prospects compared between energy, vehicles, aerospace, military, electronics, other
7.1 Implications for the market 2024-2044
7.2 Overview
7.3 Relative commercial significance of supercapacitor variants 2024-2044
7.4 Market propositions of the most-promising supercapacitor families 2024-2044
7.5 Mismatch between market potential and sizes made
7.6 Analysis of supply and potential for large devices
7.6.1 Overview
7.6.2 Largest lithium-ion capacitors offered by manufacturer with parameters and uses
7.6.3 Markets for the largest BSH
7.6.4 Market analysis for the six most important applicational sectors

8. Energy sector emerging markets for supercapacitors and their variants
8.1 Overview: poor, modest and strong prospects 2024-2044
8.2 Thermonuclear power
8.2.1 Overview
8.3.2 Applications of supercapacitors in fusion research
8.3.3 Other thermonuclear supercapacitors
8.3.4 Hybrid supercapacitor banks for thermonuclear power: Tokyo Tokamak
8.3.5 Helion USA supercapacitor bank
8.3.6 First Light UK supercapacitor bank
8.3 Less-intermittent grid electricity generation: wave, tidal stream, elevated wind
8.3.1 Supercapacitors in utility energy storage for grids and large UPS
8.3.2 5MW grid measurement supercapacitor
8.3.3 Tidal stream power applications
8.3.4 Wave power applications
8.3.5 Airborne Wind Energy AWE applications
8.3.6 Taller wind turbines tapping less-intermittent wind: protection, smoothing
8.4 Beyond-grid supercapacitors: large emerging opportunity
8.4.1 Overview
8.4.2 Beyond-grid buildings, industrial processes, minigrids, microgrids, other
8.4.3 Beyond-grid electricity production and management
8.4.4 The off-grid megatrend
8.4.5 The solar megatrend
8.4.6 Hydrogen-supercapacitor rural microgrid Tapah, Malaysia
8.4.7 Supercapacitors in other microgrids, solar buildings
8.4.8 Fast charging of electric vehicles including buses and autonomous shuttles
8.5 Hydro power

9. Emerging land vehicle and marine applications: automotive, bus, truck train, off-road construction, agriculture, mining, forestry, material handling, boats, ships
9.1 Overview of supercapacitor use in land transport
9.2 On-road applications face decline but off-road vibrant
9.3 How the value market for supercapacitors and their variants in land vehicles will move from largely on-road to largely off-road
9.4 Emerging vehicle and allied designs with large supercapacitors
9.4.1 Industrial vehicles: Rutronik HESS
9.4.2 Heavy duty powertrains and active suspension
9.5 Tram and trolleybus regeneration and coping with gaps in catenary
9.6 Material handling (intralogistics) supercapacitors
9.7 Mining and quarrying uses for large supercapacitors
9.7.1 Overview and future open pit mine and quarry
9.7.2 Mining and quarrying vehicles go electric
9.7.3 Supercapacitors for electric mining and construction
9.8 Research relevant to large supercapacitors in vehicles
9.9 Large supercapacitors for trains and their trackside regeneration
9.9.1 Overview
9.9.2 Supercapacitor diesel hybrid and hydrogen trains
9.9.3 Supercapacitor regeneration for trains on-board and trackside
9.9.4 Research pipeline relevant to supercapacitors for trains
9.10 Marine use of large supercapacitors and the research pipeline

10. Emerging applications in 6G Communications, electronics and small electrics
10.1 Overview
10.2 Substantial growing applications for small supercapacitors
10.3 Supercapacitors in wearables, smart watches, smartphones, laptops and similar devices
10.3.1 General
10.3.2 Wearables needing supercapacitors
10.4 6G Communications: new supercapacitor market from 2030
10.4.1 Overview with supercapacitor needs
10.4.2 New needs and 5G inadequacies
10.4.3 6G massive hardware deployment: proliferation but many compromises
10.4.4 Objectives of NTTDoCoMo, Huawei, Samsung and others
10.4.5 Progress from 1G-6G rollouts 1980-2044
10.4.6 6G underwater and underground
10.5 Asset tracking growth market
10.6 Battery support and back-up power supercapacitors
10.7 Hand-held terminals supercapacitors
10.8 Internet of Things nodes, wireless sensors and their energy harvesting modes with supercapacitors
10.8.1 Overview
10.8.2 Sensor inputs and outputs
10.8.3 Ten forms of energy harvesting for sensing and power for sensors
10.8.4 Supercapacitor transpiration electrokinetic harvesting for battery-free sensor power supply
10.9 Supercapacitor peak power for data transmission, locks, solenoid activation, e-ink update, LED flash
10.10 Smart meters using supercapacitors
10.11 Spot welding supercapacitors

11 Emerging military and aerospace applications
11.1 Overview
11.2 Military applications: electrodynamic and electromagnetic weapons now a strong focus
11.2.1 Overview: laser weapons, beam energy weapons, microwave weapons, electromagnetic guns
11.2.2 Electrodynamic weapons: coil and rail guns
11.2.3 Electromagnetic weapons disabling electronics or acting as ordnance
11.2.4 Pulsed linear accelerator weapon
11.3 Military applications: unmanned aircraft, communication equipment, radar, plane, ship, tank, satellite, guided missile, munition ignition, electromagnetic armour
11.3.1 CSH sales increasing
11.3.2 Force Field protection
11.3.3 Supercapacitor- diesel hybrid heavy mobility army truck
11.3.4 17 other military applications now emerging
11.4 Aerospace: satellites, More Electric Aircraft MEA and other growth opportunities
11.4.1 Overview: supercapacitor numbers and variety increase
11.4.2 More Electric Aircraft MEA
11.4.3 Better capacitors sought for aircraft

12. 110 supercapacitor, pseudocapacitor and LIC companies assessed in 10 columns across 100 pages
12.1. Overview and analysis of metrics from the company appraisals
12.2 Supercapacitor, pseudocapacitor and LIC manufacturers assessed in 10 columns across 96 pages