Table of Content

1. Executive summary and conclusions
1.1 Purpose of this report
1.2 Methodology of this analysis
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Energy storage toolkit
1.4.1 The basic options
1.4.2 BSH have some of superlatives of a supercapacitor combined with those of a battery
1.4.3 BSH and in particular LIC create some valuable tipping points
1.4.4 The many advantages of lithium-ion capacitors LIC and the energy density choices
1.4.5 How strategies for improving supercapacitors will benefit BSH including LIC
1.4.6 Prioritisation of active electrode-electrolyte pairings
1.5 12 Primary conclusions: BSH markets including LIC
1.6 Infogram: the most impactful market needs
1.7 Infogram: relative commercial significance of BSH and pseudocapacitors 2024-2044
1.8 Some market propositions and uses of EDLC and BSH including LIC 2024-2044
1.9 Technology uses by applicational sector for EDLC vs BSH – examples
1.10 Analysis of supply and potential of LIC and EDLC for large devices
1.11 18 primary conclusions: technologies and manufacturers
1.12 Infogram: the energy density-power density, life, size and weight compromise
1.13 How strategies to require less storage make BSH more adoptable
1.14 How research needs redirecting: 5 columns, 7 lines
1.17 BSH and EDLC research activity by country and technology 2024
1.18 SWOT appraisals and roadmap 2024-2044
1.18.1 SWOT appraisal of supercapacitors and BSH
1.18.2 SWOT appraisal of LIC and other BSH
1.18.3 SWOT appraisal of graphene LIC
1.18.4 SWOT appraisal of batteryless storage technologies generally
1.19 Roadmap of market-moving BSH events – technologies, industry and markets 2024-2044
1.20 Battery supercapacitor hybrids: forecasts by 22 lines 2024-2044
1.20.1 Competitors RFB, EDLC, Pseudocapacitor and BSH $ billion 2024-2044 table
1.20.2 Competitors RFB, EDLC, Pseudocapacitor and BSH $ billion 2024-2044 graphs with explanation
1.20.3 Battery supercapacitor hybrid storage BSH by type: BSH, Non-lithium, LIC, banks $ billion 2024-2044 table and graphs
1.20.4 Battery supercapacitor hybrids BSH value market percent by four regions 2024-2044 table and graph
1.20.5 Battery supercapacitor hybrids BSH value market percent by five applications 2024-2044: table, graph
1.20.6 Battery supercapacitor hybrid BSH value market % by three Wh categories 2024-2044
1.20.7 BSH value market % by three electrode morphologies 2024-2044
1.20.8 BSH product life years and life of equipment to which it is fitted years 2014-2044
1.21 Background forecasts in 22 lines 2024-2044

2. Battery supercapacitor hybrids BSH: introduction to need, toolkit and manufacture
2.1 Energy storage toolkit
2.1.1 The basic options
2.1.2 How BSH will compete with other technologies
2.1.3 Electrochemical vs electrostatic storage
2.1.4 Examples of competition between capacitor, supercapacitor and battery technologies
2.1.5 Supercapacitors and BSH replacing batteries in ebikes
2.2 Energy storage market
2.2.1 Overview
2.2.2 Energy harvesting creates markets for BSH storage
2.2.3 The beyond-grid opportunity for large BSH
2.2.4 Need for conventional BSH formats but also structural electrics and electronics
2.3 Introduction to technology optimisation and technology competition issues
2.3.1 Overview
2.3.2 BSH internal design compared to others
2.3.3 Hot topics include LIB and graphene
2.3.4 BSH voltage, charge retention and ageing issues compared to competition
2.3.5 BSH competitive position on energy density vs power density
2.3.6 Days storage vs rated power return MW for storage technologies
2.4 34 parameters for LIC, Li-ion battery and supercapacitor compared
2.5 LIC formats compared with adjacent technologies
2.6 Further reading

3. Future lithium-ion capacitor design and competitive position
3.1 Overview
3.2 Design issues
3.3 Analysis of research pipeline
3.4 Further reading

4. Other metal-ion capacitors design and progress: Lead-ion, nickel-ion, potassium-ion, sodium-ion, zinc-ion capacitors
4.1 Overview
4.2 Lead ion capacitors: history, rationale , research pipeline
4.3 Nickel-ion capacitors: history, rationale, research pipeline
4.4 Potassium-ion capacitors: rationale, research pipeline

4.5 Sodium-ion capacitors: rationale, research pipeline
4.5 Zinc-ion capacitors: rationale, research pipeline

5. Other emerging chemistries for battery-supercapacitor hybrid storage
5.1 Overview
5.2 Rationale
5.3 Research pipeline
5.3.1 Zeolite Ionic Frameworks for BSH
5.3.2 MXene and MOFs composites for BSH
5.3.2 Metal alloys and manganese compounds in BSH

6. Emerging materials employed with 2024, 2023 research pipeline analysis
6.1 Overview
6.2 Factors influencing key supercapacitor parameters driving sales
6.3 Materials choices in general
6.4 Strategies for improving supercapacitors
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Prioritisation of active electrode-electrolyte pairings
6.5 Significance of graphene in supercapacitors and variants
6.5.1 Overview
6.5.2 Graphene supercapacitor SWOT appraisal
6.5.3 Vertically-aligned graphene for ac and improved cycle life
6.5.4 Frequency performance improvement with graphene
6.5.5 Graphene textile for supercapacitors and sensors
6.5.6 Eleven graphene supercapacitor material and device developers and manufacturers compared in five columns
6.6 Other 2D and allied materials for supercapacitors with examples of research
6.6.1 MOF and MXene and combinations are the focus
6.6.2 Tantalum carbide MXene hybrid as a biocompatible supercapacitor electrodes
6.6.3 CNT
6.7 Research on supercapacitor electrode materials and structures in 2024
6.8 Research on supercapacitor electrode materials and structures in 2023
6.9 Important examples from earlier
6.10 Electrolytes for supercapacitors and variants
6.10.1 General considerations
6.10 Electrolytes for supercapacitors and variants
6.10.1 General considerations including organic electrolytes
6.10.2 Supercapacitor electrolyte choices
6.10.3 Focus on aqueous supercapacitor electrolytes
6.10.4 Ionic liquid electrolytes in supercapacitor research
6.10.5 Focus on solid state, semi-solid-state and flexible electrolytes
6.10.6 Hydrogels as electrolytes for semi-solid supercapacitors
6.10.7 Supercapacitor concrete and bricks
6.11 Membrane difficulty levels and materials used and proposed
6.12 Reducing self-discharge: great need, little research

7. Emerging BSH markets : basic trends and best prospects compared between energy, vehicles, aerospace, military, electronics, other
7.1 Implications for the market 2024-2044
7.2 Overview
7.3 Relative commercial significance of supercapacitor variants 2024-2044
7.4 Market propositions of the most-promising supercapacitor families 2024-2044
7.5 Mismatch between market potential and sizes made
7.6 Analysis of supply and potential for large devices
7.6.1 Overview
7.6.2 Largest lithium-ion capacitors offered by manufacturer with parameters and uses
7.6.3 Markets for the largest BSH
7.6.4 Market analysis for the six most important applicational sectors

8. Energy sector emerging BSH markets
8.1 Overview: poor, modest and strong prospects 2024-2044
8.2 Thermonuclear power
8.2.1 Overview
8.3.2 Applications of supercapacitors in fusion research
8.3.3 Other thermonuclear supercapacitors
8.3.4 Hybrid supercapacitor banks for thermonuclear power: Tokyo Tokamak
8.3.5 Helion USA supercapacitor bank
8.3.6 First Light UK supercapacitor bank
8.3 Less-intermittent grid electricity generation: wave, tidal stream, elevated wind
8.3.1 Supercapacitors in utility energy storage for grids and large UPS
8.3.2 5MW grid measurement supercapacitor
8.3.3 Tidal stream power applications
8.3.4 Wave power applications
8.3.5 Airborne Wind Energy AWE applications
8.3.6 Taller wind turbines tapping less-intermittent wind: protection, smoothing
8.4 Beyond-grid supercapacitors: large emerging opportunity
8.4.1 Overview
8.4.2 Beyond-grid buildings, industrial processes, minigrids, microgrids, other
8.4.3 Beyond-grid electricity production and management
8.4.4 The off-grid megatrend
8.4.5 The solar megatrend
8.4.6 Hydrogen-supercapacitor rural microgrid Tapah, Malaysia
8.4.7 Supercapacitors in other microgrids, solar buildings
8.4.8 Fast charging of electric vehicles including buses and autonomous shuttles
8.5 Hydro power

9. Emerging land vehicle and marine applications: automotive, bus, truck train, off-road  construction, agriculture, mining, forestry, material handling, boats, ships
9.1 Overview of supercapacitor use in land transport
9.2 On-road applications face decline but off-road vibrant
9.3 How the value market for supercapacitors and their variants in land vehicles will move from largely on-road to largely off-road
9.4 Emerging vehicle and allied designs with large supercapacitors
9.4.1 Industrial vehicles: Rutronik HESS
9.4.2 Heavy duty powertrains and active suspension
9.5 Tram and trolleybus regeneration and coping with gaps in catenary
9.6 Material handling (intralogistics) supercapacitors
9.7 Mining and quarrying uses for large supercapacitors
9.7.1 Overview and future open pit mine and quarry
9.7.2 Mining and quarrying vehicles go electric
9.7.3 Supercapacitors for electric mining and construction
9.8 Research relevant to large supercapacitors in vehicles
9.9 Large supercapacitors for trains and their trackside regeneration
9.9.1 Overview
9.9.2 Supercapacitor diesel hybrid and hydrogen trains
9.9.3 Supercapacitor regeneration for trains on-board and trackside
9.9.4 Research pipeline relevant to supercapacitors for trains
9.10 Marine use of large supercapacitors and the research pipeline

10. Emerging applications in 6G Communications, electronics and small electrics
10.1 Overview
10.2 Substantial growing applications for small BSH and supercapacitors
10.3 BSH and supercapacitors in wearables, smart watches, smartphones, laptops and similar devices
10.3.1 General
10.3.2 Wearables needing BSH and supercapacitors
10.4 6G Communications: new BSH market from 2030
10.4.1 Overview with needs
10.4.2 New needs and 5G inadequacies
10.4.3 6G massive hardware deployment: proliferation but many compromises
10.4.4 Objectives of NTTDoCoMo, Huawei, Samsung and others
10.4.5 Progress from 1G-6G rollouts 1980-2044
10.4.6 6G underwater and underground
10.5 Asset tracking growth market
10.6 Battery support and back-up power supercapacitors
10.7 Hand-held terminals BSH and supercapacitors
10.8 Internet of Things nodes, wireless sensors and their energy harvesting modes with BSH and supercapacitors
10.8.1 Overview
10.8.2 Sensor inputs and outputs
10.8.3 Ten forms of energy harvesting for sensing and power for sensors
10.8.4 Supercapacitor transpiration electrokinetic harvesting for battery-free sensor power supply
10.9 Peak power for data transmission, locks, solenoid activation, e-ink update, LED flash
10.10 Smart meters
10.11 Spot welding

11 Emerging military and aerospace applications
11.1 Overview
11.2 Military applications: electrodynamic and electromagnetic weapons now a strong focus
11.2.1 Overview: laser weapons, beam energy weapons, microwave weapons, electromagnetic guns
11.2.2 Electrodynamic weapons: coil and rail guns
11.2.3 Electromagnetic weapons disabling electronics or acting as ordnance
11.2.4 Pulsed linear accelerator weapon
11.3 Military applications: unmanned aircraft, communication equipment, radar, plane, ship, tank, satellite, guided missile, munition ignition, electromagnetic armour
11.3.1 CSH sales increasing
11.3.2 Force Field protection
11.3.3 Supercapacitor- diesel hybrid heavy mobility army truck
11.3.4 17 other military applications now emerging
11.4 Aerospace: satellites, More Electric Aircraft MEA and other growth opportunities
11.4.1 Overview: supercapacitor numbers and variety increase
11.4.2 More Electric Aircraft MEA
11.4.3 Better capacitors sought for aircraft

12. 116 BSH (including LIC), supercapacitor, pseudocapacitor, CSH companies assessed in 10 columns and 112 pages
12.1 Analysis of metrics from the comparison of 116 companies
12.2 116 BSH (including LIC), supercapacitor and pseudocapacitor manufacturers assessed in 10 columns across 108 pages