Private 5G Networks: 2024 - 2030 - Opportunities, Challenges, Strategies & Forecasts

Table of Content

Table of Contents        Page Number
1    Chapter 1: Introduction    60
1.1    Executive Summary    60
1.2    Topics Covered    68
1.3    Forecast Segmentation    70
1.4    Key Questions Answered    72
1.5    Key Findings    74
1.6    Summary of Private 5G Engagements    78
1.7    Methodology    86
1.8    Target Audience    87
        
2    Chapter 2: An Overview of Private 5G Networks    88
2.1    An Introduction to the 3GPP-Defined 5G Standard    88
2.1.1    What is 5G?    88
2.1.2    5G Service Profiles    89
2.1.2.1    eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband)    89
2.1.2.2    URLLC (Ultra-Reliable, Low-Latency Communications)    89
2.1.2.3    mMTC/mIoT (Massive Machine-Type Communications/Internet of Things)    90
2.1.3    5G Advanced & the Evolution to 6G    90
2.1.4    The Significance of Vertical Industries in the 5G Era    90
2.2    Why Utilize 5G for Private Wireless Networks?    91
2.2.1    Performance, Mobility, Reliability & Security Characteristics    91
2.2.2    Ability to Address Both Wide Area & Localized Coverage Needs    91
2.2.3    Variety of Frequency Bands, Bandwidth Flexibility & Spectral Efficiency    91
2.2.4    Interworking With Public Mobile Networks & Non-3GPP Technologies    92
2.2.5    3GPP Support for Industrial-Grade & Mission-Critical Applications    92
2.2.6    Future-Proof Transition Path Towards 6G Networks    92
2.2.7    Thriving Ecosystem of Chipsets, Devices & Network Equipment    92
2.2.8    Economic Viability of Deployment & Operational Costs    93
2.3    Key Themes Influencing the Adoption of Private 5G Networks    93
2.3.1    Industry 4.0-Driven Wireless Connectivity Requirements    93
2.3.2    Critical Communications Broadband Evolution    94
2.3.3    Localized Cellular Coverage for Enterprise Transformation Initiatives    94
2.3.4    Neutral Hosting, Smart Cities, Community Broadband & Other Themes    95
2.4    Practical Aspects of Private 5G Networks    95
2.4.1    5G Technology Deployment Modes    95
2.4.1.1    NSA (Non-Standalone) 5G    95
2.4.1.2    SA (Standalone) 5G    96
2.4.2    Spectrum Options    97
2.4.2.1    National Spectrum for Specific Applications    97
2.4.2.1.1    Defense & PPDR (Public Protection & Disaster Relief)    97
2.4.2.1.2    Utilities & Critical Infrastructure Industries    97
2.4.2.1.3    Aviation, Maritime & Railway Communications    97
2.4.2.1.4    Other Segments    98
2.4.2.2    Local Area Licensed Spectrum    98
2.4.2.2.1    Local Area Licenses for Enterprises & Vertical Users    98
2.4.2.2.2    Local Leasing of Public Mobile Operator Frequencies    98
2.4.2.2.3    ASA (Authorized Shared Access) & Light Licensing    98
2.4.2.3    Unlicensed Spectrum    99
2.4.2.3.1    Designated License-Exempt Bands    99
2.4.2.3.2    Opportunistic Unlicensed Access    99
2.4.3    Network Size & Geographic Reach    99
2.4.3.1    Wide Area Private Cellular Networks    100
2.4.3.2    Medium-Scale Local Area Networks    100
2.4.3.3    On-Premise Campus Networks    100
2.4.4    Operational Scenarios    100
2.4.4.1    Isolated NPNs (Non-Public Networks)    100
2.4.4.2    Public Mobile Operator-Integrated NPNs    102
2.4.4.2.1    Dedicated Mobile Operator RAN Coverage    102
2.4.4.2.2    Shared RAN With On-Premise Core    103
2.4.4.2.3    Shared RAN & Control Plane    104
2.4.4.2.4    NPNs Hosted By Public Networks    105
2.4.4.3    Virtual Sliced Private Networks    106
2.4.4.4    Hybrid Public-Private Networks    106
2.4.4.5    Shared Core Private Networks    107
2.4.4.6    Secure MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator) Arrangements    108
2.4.4.7    Other Approaches    109
2.4.5    Business Models    109
2.4.5.1    Fully Independent Private Networks    110
2.4.5.2    Service Provider-Managed Private Networks    110
2.4.5.3    Hybrid Ownership, Management & Control    110
2.4.5.4    Private NaaS (Network-as-a-Service)    111
2.4.5.5    Other Business Models    111
2.5    The Value Chain of Private 5G Networks    111
2.5.1    Semiconductor & Enabling Technology Specialists    111
2.5.2    Terminal OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers)    112
2.5.3    RAN, Core & Transport Infrastructure Suppliers    112
2.5.4    Service Providers    113
2.5.4.1    Critical Communications, Industrial, OT & IT System Integrators    113
2.5.4.2    Pure-Play Private 5G Network Operators    113
2.5.4.3    National Mobile Operators    113
2.5.4.4    MVNOs    114
2.5.4.5    Neutral Hosts    114
2.5.4.6    Towercos (Tower Companies)    114
2.5.4.7    Cloud & Edge Platform Providers    115
2.5.4.8    Fixed-Line Service Providers    115
2.5.4.9    Fiber Network Operators    115
2.5.4.10    Satellite Communications Service Providers    115
2.5.5    End User Organizations    116
2.5.6    Other Ecosystem Players    116
2.6    Market Drivers    117
2.6.1    Growing Demand for High-Bandwidth & Low-Latency Wireless Applications    117
2.6.2    Endorsement From the Industry 4.0 & Critical Communications Sectors    117
2.6.3    Limited Public Cellular Coverage in Indoor, Industrial & Remote Environments    117
2.6.4    Availability of Suitable Spectrum Options for Private Use    118
2.6.5    Guaranteed Connectivity & QoS (Quality-of-Service) Control    118
2.6.6    Greater Levels of Network Security & Data Privacy    119
2.6.7    Operators' & Vendors' Desire for New Revenue Sources    119
2.6.8    Government-Funded 5G Innovation Initiatives    119
2.7    Market Barriers    120
2.7.1    Cost & ROI (Return-On-Investment) Justification    120
2.7.2    Technical Complexities of Network Deployment & Operation    120
2.7.3    Integration With Existing Infrastructure & Applications    121
2.7.4    Limited Scale Effects Due to Lack of Spectrum Harmonization    121
2.7.5    Competition From Non-3GPP Technologies & Solutions    121
2.7.6    5G Terminal Equipment-Related Challenges    122
2.7.7    Skills Gap & Shortage of Proficient Engineers    122
2.7.8    Conservatism & Slow Pace of Change    122
        
3    Chapter 3: System Architecture & Technologies for Private 5G Networks    123
3.1    Architectural Components of Private 5G Networks    123
3.2    UE (User Equipment)    123
3.2.1    Smartphones & Handportable Devices    124
3.2.2    Industrial-Grade Routers & Gateways    124
3.2.3    Mobile Hotspots & Vehicular Terminals    124
3.2.4    Fixed Wireless CPEs (Customer Premises Equipment)    125
3.2.5    Tablets & Notebook PCs    125
3.2.6    Smart Wearables    125
3.2.7    Cellular IoT Modules    125
3.2.8    Add-On Dongles    126
3.3    RAN (Radio Access Network)    126
3.3.1    NG-RAN – 5G NR Access Network    127
3.3.1.1    gNBs – 5G NR Base Stations    127
3.3.1.2    en-gNBs – Secondary Node 5G NR Base Stations    127
3.3.1.3    ng-eNBs – Next-Generation LTE Base Stations    128
3.3.2    Architectural Components of gNB Base Stations    128
3.3.2.1    RUs (Radio Units)    128
3.3.2.2    Integrated Radio & Baseband Units    129
3.3.2.3    DUs (Distributed Baseband Units)    129
3.3.2.4    CUs (Centralized Baseband Units)    130
3.4    Mobile Core    131
3.4.1    5GC (5G Core): Core Network for Standalone 5G Implementations    131
3.4.1.1    Access, Mobility & Session Management    133
3.4.1.1.1    AMF (Access & Mobility Management Function)    133
3.4.1.1.2    SMF (Session Management Function)    133
3.4.1.1.3    UPF (User Plane Function)    133
3.4.1.2    Subscription & Data Management    133
3.4.1.2.1    AUSF (Authentication Server Function)    133
3.4.1.2.2    AAnF (AKMA Anchor Function)    134
3.4.1.2.3    UDM (Unified Data Management)    134
3.4.1.2.4    UDR (Unified Data Repository)    134
3.4.1.2.5    UDSF (Unstructured Data Storage Function)    134
3.4.1.2.6    UCMF (UE Radio Capability Management Function)    135
3.4.1.2.7    5G-EIR (5G Equipment Identity Register)    135
3.4.1.3    Policy & Charging    135
3.4.1.3.1    PCF (Policy Control Function)    135
3.4.1.3.2    CHF (Charging Function)    135
3.4.1.4    Signaling & Routing    135
3.4.1.4.1    SCP (Service Communication Proxy)    135
3.4.1.4.2    SEPP (Security Edge Protection Proxy)    136
3.4.1.4.3    BSF (Binding Support Function)    136
3.4.1.5    Network Resource Management    136
3.4.1.5.1    NEF (Network Exposure Function)    136
3.4.1.5.2    NRF (Network Repository Function)    136
3.4.1.5.3    NSSF (Network Slice Selection Function)    137
3.4.1.5.4    NSSAAF (Network Slice-Specific & SNPN Authentication-Authorization Function)    137
3.4.1.5.5    NSACF (Network Slice Admission Control Function)    137
3.4.1.6    Data Analytics & Automation    137
3.4.1.6.1    NWDAF (Network Data Analytics Function)    137
3.4.1.6.2    AnLF (Analytics Logical Function)    138
3.4.1.6.3    MTLF (Model Training Logical Function)    138
3.4.1.6.4    DCCF (Data Collection Coordination Function)    138
3.4.1.6.5    ADRF (Analytics Data Repository Function)    138
3.4.1.6.6    MFAF (Messaging Framework Adaptor Function)    139
3.4.1.7    Location Services    139
3.4.1.7.1    LMF (Location Management Function)    139
3.4.1.7.2    GMLC (Gateway Mobile Location Center)    139
3.4.1.8    Application Enablement    139
3.4.1.8.1    AFs (Application Functions)    139
3.4.1.8.2    SMSF (Short Message Service Function)    139
3.4.1.8.3    CBCF (Cell Broadcast Center Function)    140
3.4.1.8.4    5G DDNMF (5G Direct Discovery Name Management Function)    140
3.4.1.8.5    TSCTSF (Time-Sensitive Communication & Time Synchronization Function)    140
3.4.1.8.6    TSN AF (Time-Sensitive Networking Application Function)    140
3.4.1.8.7    EASDF (Edge Application Server Discovery Function)    140
3.4.1.9    Multicast-Broadcast Support    141
3.4.1.9.1    MB-SMF (Multicast-Broadcast SMF)    141
3.4.1.9.2    MB-UPF (Multicast-Broadcast UPF)    141
3.4.1.9.3    MBSF (Multicast-Broadcast Service Function)    141
3.4.1.9.4    MBSTF (Multicast-Broadcast Service Transport Function)    141
3.5    Transport Network    142
3.5.1    Fronthaul: RU-to-DU Transport    142
3.5.2    Midhaul: DU-to-CU Transport    143
3.5.3    Backhaul: RAN-to-Core Transport    144
3.5.4    Physical Transmission Mediums    145
3.5.4.1    Fiber & Wireline Transport Technologies    145
3.5.4.1.1    Owned, Lit & Dark Fiber    145
3.5.4.1.2    Ethernet & IP-Based Transport    146
3.5.4.1.3    WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)    146
3.5.4.1.4    PON (Passive Optical Network)    146
3.5.4.1.5    OTN (Optical Transport Network)    147
3.5.4.1.6    DOCSIS, G.fast & Other Technologies    147
3.5.4.2    Microwave & mmWave (Millimeter Wave) Wireless Links    148
3.5.4.2.1    Traditional Bands (6 – 42 GHz)    148
3.5.4.2.2    V-Band (60 GHz)    148
3.5.4.2.3    E-Band (70/80 GHz)    148
3.5.4.2.4    W-Band (92 – 114.25 GHz)    149
3.5.4.2.5    D-Band (130 – 174.8 GHz)    149
3.5.4.3    Satellite Communications    149
3.5.4.3.1    GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit)    150
3.5.4.3.2    MEO (Medium Earth Orbit)    150
3.5.4.3.3    LEO (Low Earth Orbit)    151
3.6    Services & Interconnectivity    151
3.6.1    End User Application Services    151
3.6.1.1    Generic Broadband, Messaging & IoT Services    151
3.6.1.2    IMS Core: VoNR (Voice Over NR) & MMTel (Multimedia Telephony)    152
3.6.1.3    5G MBS/5MBS (5G Multicast-Broadcast Services)    153
3.6.1.4    Group Communications & MCS (Mission-Critical Services)    153
3.6.1.5    IIoT (Industrial IoT), Cyber-Physical Control & Domain-Specific Connected Services    154
3.6.1.6    ProSe (Proximity-Based Services) for Direct D2D (Device-to-Device) Discovery & Communications    155
3.6.1.7    Vehicular, Aviation, Maritime & Railway-Related Applications    155
3.6.1.8    3GPP Service Frameworks for Vertical Industries    156
3.6.1.8.1    CAPIF (Common API Framework)    156
3.6.1.8.2    SEAL (Service Enabler Architecture Layer for Verticals)    156
3.6.1.8.3    EDGEAPP (Architecture for Enabling Edge Applications)    156
3.6.1.9    VAL (Vertical Application Layer) Enablers    157
3.6.1.9.1    V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything)    157
3.6.1.9.2    UAS (Uncrewed Aerial Systems)    157
3.6.1.9.3    5GMARCH/MSGin5G (Messaging in 5G)    157
3.6.1.9.4    FF (Factories of the Future)    158
3.6.1.9.5    PINAPP (Personal IoT Networks), XR (Extended Reality) & Others    158
3.6.2    Interconnectivity With 3GPP & Non-3GPP Networks    158
3.6.2.1    3GPP Roaming & Service Continuity    158
3.6.2.1.1    National & International Roaming    159
3.6.2.1.2    Service Continuity Outside Network Footprint    159
3.6.2.2    Non-3GPP Network Integration    159
3.6.2.2.1    N3IWF (Non-3GPP Interworking Function)    159
3.6.2.2.2    TNGF (Trusted Non-3GPP Gateway Function)    159
3.6.2.2.3    TWIF (Trusted WLAN Interworking Function)    160
3.6.2.2.4    NSWOF (Non-Seamless WLAN Offload Function)    160
3.6.2.2.5    W-AGF (Wireline Access Gateway Function)    160
3.6.2.2.6    IWF (Interworking Function) for LMR (Land Mobile Radio)    160
3.6.2.2.7    ATSSS (Access Traffic Steering, Switching & Splitting)    161
3.7    Key Enabling Technologies & Concepts    161
3.7.1    3GPP Support for NPNs (Non-Public Networks)    161
3.7.1.1    Types of NPNs    161
3.7.1.1.1    SNPNs (Standalone NPNs)    162
3.7.1.1.2    PNI-NPNs (Public Network-Integrated NPNs)    162
3.7.1.2    SNPN Identification & Selection    162
3.7.1.3    PNI-NPN Resource Allocation & Isolation    162
3.7.1.4    CAG (Closed Access Group) for Cell Access Control    163
3.7.1.5    Mobility, Roaming & Service Continuity    163
3.7.1.6    Interworking Between SNPNs & Public Networks    163
3.7.1.7    UE Configuration & Subscription-Related Aspects    163
3.7.1.8    Other 3GPP-Defined Capabilities for NPNs    164
3.7.2    Mobile Broadband Evolution    164
3.7.2.1    Massive MIMO, Beamforming & Advanced Antenna Systems    164
3.7.2.2    Air Interface Design & Optimizations    165
3.7.2.3    CA (Carrier Aggregation) & Multi-Carrier Operations    165
3.7.2.4    Expansion Into Higher Frequency Spectrum Bands    166
3.7.3    Industry 4.0 & Cellular IoT    166
3.7.3.1    URLLC Techniques: High-Reliability & Low-Latency Enablers    166
3.7.3.2    5G LAN (Local Area Network)-Type Service    167
3.7.3.3    Integration With IEEE 802.1 TSN (Time-Sensitive Networking) Systems    167
3.7.3.4    Native 3GPP Framework for TSC (Time-Sensitive Communications)    167
3.7.3.5    Support for IETF DetNet (Deterministic Networking)    168
3.7.3.6    5G NR Light: RedCap (Reduced Capability) UE Type    168
3.7.3.7    eMTC, NB-IoT & mMTC: Wide Area & High-Density IoT Applications    169
3.7.4    Critical Communications    169
3.7.4.1    MCX (Mission-Critical PTT, Video & Data)    169
3.7.4.2    QPP (QoS, Priority & Preemption)    170
3.7.4.3    IOPS (Isolated Operation for Public Safety)    170
3.7.4.4    Cell Site & Infrastructure Hardening    171
3.7.4.5    HPUE (High-Power User Equipment)    171
3.7.4.6    Other UE-Related Functional Enhancements    172
3.7.5    High-Precision Positioning    172
3.7.5.1    Assisted-GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)    173
3.7.5.2    RAN-Based Positioning Techniques    173
3.7.5.3    RAN-Independent Methods    173
3.7.6    Edge Computing    174
3.7.6.1    Optimizing Latency, Service Performance & Backhaul Costs    174
3.7.6.2    3GPP-Defined Features for Edge Computing Support    174
3.7.6.3    Public vs. Private Edge Computing    175
3.7.7    Network Slicing    175
3.7.7.1    Logical Partitioning of Network Resources    176
3.7.7.2    3GPP Functions, Identifiers & Procedures for Slicing    176
3.7.7.3    RAN Slicing    176
3.7.7.4    Mobile Core Slicing    177
3.7.7.5    Transport Network Slicing    177
3.7.7.6    UE-Based Network Slicing Features    177
3.7.7.7    Management & Orchestration Aspects    177
3.7.8    Network Sharing    178
3.7.8.1    Service-Specific PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) IDs    178
3.7.8.2    DNN (Data Network Name)-Based Isolation    178
3.7.8.3    GWCN (Gateway Core Network): Core Network Sharing    178
3.7.8.4    MOCN (Multi-Operator Core Network): RAN & Spectrum Sharing    178
3.7.8.5    MORAN (Multi-Operator RAN): RAN Sharing Without Spectrum Pooling    179
3.7.8.6    DECOR (Dedicated Core) & eDECOR (Enhanced DECOR)    179
3.7.8.7    Roaming in Non-Overlapping Service Areas    179
3.7.8.8    Passive Sharing of Infrastructure Resources    179
3.7.9    E2E (End-to-End) Security    180
3.7.9.1    UE Authentication Framework    180
3.7.9.2    Subscriber Privacy    180
3.7.9.3    Air Interface Confidentiality & Integrity    180
3.7.9.4    Resilience Against Radio Jamming    181
3.7.9.5    RAN, Core & Transport Network Security    181
3.7.9.6    Security Aspects of Network Slicing    182
3.7.9.7    Application Domain Protection    182
3.7.9.8    Other Security Considerations    183
3.7.10    Shared & Unlicensed Spectrum    183
3.7.10.1    DSS (Dynamic Spectrum Sharing): LTE & 5G NR Coexistence    183
3.7.10.2    CBRS (Citizens Broadband Radio Service): Three-Tiered Sharing    184
3.7.10.3    LSA (Licensed Shared Access) & eLSA (Evolved LSA): Two-Tiered Sharing    184
3.7.10.4    AFC (Automated Frequency Coordination): License-Exempt Sharing    184
3.7.10.5    Local Area Licensing of Shared Spectrum    185
3.7.10.6    5G NR-U (NR in Unlicensed Spectrum)    185
3.7.11    Rapidly Deployable 5G Network Systems    185
3.7.11.1    NIB (Network-in-a-Box) Systems    185
3.7.11.2    Vehicular COWs (Cells-on-Wheels)    186
3.7.11.3    Aerial Cell Sites    186
3.7.11.4    Maritime Cellular Platforms    186
3.7.12    Direct Communications & Coverage Expansion    186
3.7.12.1    Sidelink for Direct Mode D2D Communications    186
3.7.12.2    UE-to-Network & UE-to-UE Relays    187
3.7.12.3    Indoor & Outdoor Small Cells    187
3.7.12.4    DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems)    187
3.7.12.5    IAB (Integrated Access & Backhaul)    188
3.7.12.6    Mobile IAB: VMRs (Vehicle-Mounted Relays)    188
3.7.12.7    NCRs (Network-Controlled Repeaters)    188
3.7.12.8    NTNs (Non-Terrestrial Networks)    188
3.7.12.9    ATG/A2G (Air-to-Ground) Connectivity    189
3.7.13    Cloud-Native, Software-Driven & Open Networking    189
3.7.13.1    Cloud-Native Technologies    189
3.7.13.2    Microservices & SBA (Service-Based Architecture)    189
3.7.13.3    Containerization of Network Functions    190
3.7.13.4    NFV (Network Functions Virtualization)    190
3.7.13.5    SDN (Software-Defined Networking)    190
3.7.13.6    Cloud Compute, Storage & Networking Infrastructure    191
3.7.13.7    APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)    191
3.7.13.8    Open RAN & Core Architectures    191
3.7.14    Network Intelligence & Automation    191
3.7.14.1    AI (Artificial Intelligence)    191
3.7.14.2    Machine & Deep Learning    192
3.7.14.3    Big Data & Advanced Analytics    192
3.7.14.4    SON (Self-Organizing Networks)    193
3.7.14.5    Intelligent Control, Management & Orchestration    193
3.7.14.6    Support for Network Intelligence & Automation in 3GPP Standards    193
        
4    Chapter 4: Key Vertical Industries & Applications    194
4.1    Cross-Sector & Enterprise Application Capabilities    194
4.1.1    Mobile Broadband    194
4.1.2    FWA (Fixed Wireless Access)    194
4.1.3    Voice & Messaging Services    195
4.1.4    High-Definition Video Transmission    195
4.1.5    Telepresence & Video Conferencing    196
4.1.6    Multimedia Broadcasting & Multicasting    197
4.1.7    IoT (Internet of Things) Networking    197
4.1.8    Wireless Connectivity for Wearables    198
4.1.9    Untethered AR/VR/MR (Augmented, Virtual & Mixed Reality)    199
4.1.10    Real-Time Holographic Projections    200
4.1.11    Tactile Internet & Haptic Feedback    200
4.1.12    Precise Positioning & Tracking    201
4.1.13    Industrial Automation    201
4.1.14    Remote Control of Machines    202
4.1.15    Connected Mobile Robotics    203
4.1.16    Unmanned & Autonomous Vehicles    204
4.1.17    BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line-of-Sight) Operation of Drones    204
4.1.18    Data-Driven Analytics & Insights    205
4.1.19    Sensor-Equipped Digital Twins    206
4.1.20    Predictive Maintenance of Assets    206
4.2    Vertical Industries & Specific Application Scenarios    208
4.2.1    Agriculture    208
4.2.1.1    Intelligent Monitoring of Crop, Soil & Weather Conditions    208
4.2.1.2    IoT & Advanced Analytics-Driven Yield Optimization    209
4.2.1.3    Sensor-Based Smart Irrigation Control Systems    209
4.2.1.4    Real-Time Tracking & Geofencing in Farms    210
4.2.1.5    Livestock & Aquaculture Health Management    210
4.2.1.6    Video-Based Remote Veterinary Inspections    210
4.2.1.7    Unmanned Autonomous Tractors & Farm Vehicles    211
4.2.1.8    Robots for Planting, Weeding & Harvesting    211
4.2.1.9    5G-Equipped Agricultural Drones    212
4.2.1.10    Connected Greenhouses & Vertical Farms    212
4.2.2    Aviation    213
4.2.2.1    Inflight Connectivity for Passengers & Cabin Crew    213
4.2.2.2    Connected Airports for Enhanced Traveler & Visitor Experience    213
4.2.2.3    Coordination of Ground Support Equipment, Vehicles & Personnel    214
4.2.2.4    ATM (Air Traffic Management) for Drones & Urban Air Mobility Vehicles    214
4.2.2.5    Wireless Upload of EFB (Electronic Flight Bag) & IFE (In-Flight Entertainment) Updates    215
4.2.2.6    Aircraft Data Offload for Operational & Maintenance Purposes    215
4.2.2.7    Video Surveillance of Airport Surface & Terminal Areas    216
4.2.2.8    5G-Enabled Remote Inspection & Repair of Aircraft    216
4.2.2.9    Navigation, Weather & Other IoT Sensors    217
4.2.2.10    Smart Baggage Handling    217
4.2.2.11    Asset Awareness & Tracking    218
4.2.2.12    Passenger Flow & Resource Management    218
4.2.2.13    Automation of Check-In & Boarding Procedures    218
4.2.2.14    Intelligent Airport Service Robots    219
4.2.3    Broadcasting    220
4.2.3.1    3GPP-Based PMSE (Program Making & Special Events)    220
4.2.3.2    Live AV (Audio-Visual) Media Production Using NPNs    220
4.2.3.3    Private 5G-Enabled Production in Remote Locations    220
4.2.3.4    Network Slicing for Contribution Feeds    221
4.2.3.5    Wire-Free Cameras & Microphones    221
4.2.3.6    Multicast & Broadcast Content Distribution    221
4.2.4    Construction    222
4.2.4.1    Wireless Connectivity for Construction Sites & Field Offices    222
4.2.4.2    Instantaneous Access to Business-Critical Applications    222
4.2.4.3    5G-Based Remote Control of Heavy Machinery    222
4.2.4.4    Autonomous Mobile Robots for Construction    223
4.2.4.5    IoT Sensor-Driven Maintenance of Equipment    223
4.2.4.6    Video Surveillance & Analytics for Site Security    223
4.2.4.7    Real-Time Visibility of Personnel, Assets & Materials    224
4.2.4.8    Aerial Surveying & Monitoring of Construction Sites    224
4.2.5    Education    225
4.2.5.1    Remote & Distance Learning Services    225
4.2.5.2    Mobile Access to Academic Resources    225
4.2.5.3    5G-Connected Smart Classrooms    226
4.2.5.4    Automation of Administrative Tasks    226
4.2.5.5    Personalized & Engaging Learning    226
4.2.5.6    AR/VR-Based Immersive Lessons    227
4.2.5.7    5G-Enabled Virtual Field Trips    227
4.2.5.8    Educational Telepresence Robots    228
4.2.6    Forestry    229
4.2.6.1    Wireless Connectivity for Forestry Operations & Recreation    229
4.2.6.2    5G-Facilitated Teleoperation of Forestry Equipment    229
4.2.6.3    Autonomous Harvesting & Milling Machinery    230
4.2.6.4    Real-Time Tracking of Equipment, Vehicles & Personnel    230
4.2.6.5    Cellular IoT Sensors for Biological & Environmental Monitoring    230
4.2.6.6    Wireless Cameras for Wildlife Observation, Conservation & Security    231
4.2.6.7    Early Wildfire Detection & Containment Systems    231
4.2.6.8    Drones for Search & Rescue Operations    232
4.2.7    Healthcare    233
4.2.7.1    5G-Connected Smart Hospitals & Healthcare Facilities    233
4.2.7.2    Wireless Transmission of Medical Imagery & Rich Datasets    234
4.2.7.3    Real-Time Monitoring of Patients in Acute & Intensive Care    234
4.2.7.4    Telehealth Video Consultations for Visual Assessment    235
4.2.7.5    Connectivity for AI-Based Healthcare Applications    235
4.2.7.6    AR Systems for Complex Medical Procedures    236
4.2.7.7    Remote-Controlled Surgery & Examination    236
4.2.7.8    Assisted Living & Rehabilitation Robotics    236
4.2.7.9    Immersive VR-Based Medical & Surgical Training    237
4.2.7.10    Connected Ambulances for EMS (Emergency Medical Services)    238
4.2.8    Manufacturing    239
4.2.8.1    Untethered Connectivity for Production & Process Automation    239
4.2.8.2    Wireless Motion Control & C2C (Control-to-Control) Communications    240
4.2.8.3    Cellular-Equipped Mobile Control Panels    240
4.2.8.4    Mobile Robots & AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles)    241
4.2.8.5    Autonomous Forklifts & Warehouse Robotics    241
4.2.8.6    AR-Facilitated Factory Floor Operations    242
4.2.8.7    Machine Vision-Based Quality Inspection    242
4.2.8.8    Closed-Loop Process Control    243
4.2.8.9    Process & Environmental Monitoring    244
4.2.8.10    Precise Indoor Positioning for Asset Management    244
4.2.8.11    Remote Access & Maintenance of Equipment    244
4.2.9    Military    246
4.2.9.1    5G-Based Tactical Battlefield Communications    246
4.2.9.2    Smart Military Bases & Command Posts    246
4.2.9.3    ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance)    247
4.2.9.4    Command & Control of Weapon Systems    248
4.2.9.5    Remote Operation of Robotics & Unmanned Assets    249
4.2.9.6    AR HUD (Heads-Up Display) Systems    250
4.2.9.7    Wireless VR/MR-Based Military Training    250
4.2.9.8    Perimeter Security & Force Protection    251
4.2.10    Mining    252
4.2.10.1    Safety-Critical Communications in Remote Mining Environments    252
4.2.10.2    Wireless Control of Drilling, Excavation & Related Equipment    253
4.2.10.3    Automated Loading, Haulage & Train Operations    253
4.2.10.4    Video-Based Monitoring of Personnel & Assets    254
4.2.10.5    Underground Positioning & Geofencing    254
4.2.10.6    Smart Ventilation & Water Management    255
4.2.10.7    Real-Time Operational Intelligence    256
4.2.10.8    AR & VR for Mining Operations    257
4.2.11    Oil & Gas    258
4.2.11.1    Wireless Connectivity for Remote Exploration & Production Sites    258
4.2.11.2    Critical Voice & Data-Based Mobile Workforce Communications    259
4.2.11.3    Push-to-Video & Telepresence Conferencing for Field Operations    259
4.2.11.4    Cellular-Equipped Surveillance Cameras for Situational Awareness    260
4.2.11.5    IoT Sensor-Enabled Remote Monitoring & Automation of Processes    260
4.2.11.6    SCADA (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition) Communications    261
4.2.11.7    Location Services for Worker Safety & Asset Tracking    261
4.2.11.8    AR Smart Helmets for Hands-Free Remote Assistance    262
4.2.11.9    Predictive Maintenance of Oil & Gas Facilities    263
4.2.11.10    Mobile Robots for Safety Hazard Inspections    264
4.2.12    Ports & Maritime Transport    265
4.2.12.1    Critical Communications for Port Workers    265
4.2.12.2    Automation of Port & Terminal Operations    265
4.2.12.3    5G-Connected AGVs for Container Transport    266
4.2.12.4    Remote-Controlled Cranes & Terminal Tractors    266
4.2.12.5    Video Analytics for Operational Purposes    267
4.2.12.6    Environmental & Condition Monitoring    267
4.2.12.7    Port Traffic Management & Control    268
4.2.12.8    AR & VR Applications for Port Digitization    268
4.2.12.9    Unmanned Aerial Inspections of Port Facilities    269
4.2.12.10    Private Cellular-Enabled Maritime Communications    269
4.2.12.11    Wireless Ship-to-Shore Connectivity in Nearshore Waters    270
4.2.12.12    5G-Facilitated Remote Steering of Unmanned Vessels    270
4.2.13    Public Safety    271
4.2.13.1    Mission-Critical PTT Voice Communications    271
4.2.13.2    Real-Time Video & High-Resolution Imagery    272
4.2.13.3    Messaging, File Transfer & Presence Services    272
4.2.13.4    Secure & Seamless Mobile Broadband Access    272
4.2.13.5    Location-Based Services & Enhanced Mapping    273
4.2.13.6    Multimedia CAD (Computer-Aided Dispatch)    273
4.2.13.7    Massive-Scale Video Surveillance & Analytics    274
4.2.13.8    Smart Glasses & AR Headgear for First Responders    274
4.2.13.9    5G-Equipped Police, Firefighting & Rescue Robots    274
4.2.13.10    5G MBS/5MBS in High-Density Environments    275
4.2.13.11    Sidelink-Based Direct Mode Communications    275
4.2.14    Railways    276
4.2.14.1    FRMCS (Future Railway Mobile Communication System)    276
4.2.14.2    Train-to-Ground & Train-to-Train Connectivity    276
4.2.14.3    Wireless Intra-Train Communications    277
4.2.14.4    Rail Operations-Critical Voice, Data & Video Services    277
4.2.14.5    ATO (Automatic Train Operation) & Traffic Management    277
4.2.14.6    Video Surveillance for Operational Safety & Security    278
4.2.14.7    Smart Maintenance of Railway Infrastructure    278
4.2.14.8    Intelligent Management of Logistics Facilities    279
4.2.14.9    Onboard Broadband Internet Access    279
4.2.14.10    PIS (Passenger Information Systems)    279
4.2.14.11    Smart Rail & Metro Station Services    279
4.2.15    Utilities    280
4.2.15.1    Multi-Service FANs (Field Area Networks)    280
4.2.15.2    Critical Applications for Field Workforce Communications    281
4.2.15.3    AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure)    281
4.2.15.4    DA (Distribution Automation) Systems    281
4.2.15.5    Microgrid & DER (Distributed Energy Resource) Integration    281
4.2.15.6    5G-Enabled VPPs (Virtual Power Plants)    282
4.2.15.7    Low-Latency SCADA Applications for Utilities    282
4.2.15.8    Teleprotection of Transmission & Distribution Grids    282
4.2.15.9    Video Monitoring for Critical Infrastructure Protection    283
4.2.15.10    Sensor-Based Detection of Water & Gas Leaks    283
4.2.15.11    AR Information Overlays for Repairs & Maintenance    283
4.2.15.12    Drone & Robot-Assisted Inspections of Utility Assets    283
4.2.15.13    Local Wireless Connectivity for Remote & Offshore Facilities    284
4.2.16    Warehousing & Other Verticals    284
        
5    Chapter 5: Spectrum Availability, Allocation & Usage    285
5.1    National & Local Area Licensed Spectrum    285
5.1.1    Low-Band (Sub-1 GHz)    285
5.1.1.1    200 – 400 MHz    285
5.1.1.2    410 & 450 MHz    286
5.1.1.3    600 MHz    287
5.1.1.4    700 MHz    287
5.1.1.5    800 MHz    288
5.1.1.6    900 MHz    288
5.1.2    Mid-Band (1 – 6 GHz)    289
5.1.2.1    1.4 GHz    289
5.1.2.2    1.6 GHz    289
5.1.2.3    1.8 GHz    289
5.1.2.4    1.9 GHz    290
5.1.2.5    2.1 GHz    290
5.1.2.6    2.3 GHz    291
5.1.2.7    2.4 GHz    291
5.1.2.8    2.5 GHz    292
5.1.2.9    2.6 GHz    292
5.1.2.10    3.4 GHz    292
5.1.2.11    3.5 GHz CBRS PAL Tier    293
5.1.2.12    3.7 – 3.8 GHz    293
5.1.2.13    3.8 – 4.2 GHz    294
5.1.2.14    4.6 – 4.9 GHz    294
5.1.2.15    Other Bands    295
5.1.3    High-Band mmWave (Millimeter Wave)    295
5.1.3.1    26 GHz    295
5.1.3.2    28 GHz    295
5.1.3.3    37 GHz    296
5.1.3.4    Other Bands    296
5.2    License-Exempt (Unlicensed) Spectrum    296
5.2.1    Sub-1 GHz Bands (470 – 790/800/900 MHz)    296
5.2.2    1.8 GHz DECT Guard Band    297
5.2.3    1.9 GHz sXGP Band    297
5.2.4    2.4 GHz (2,400 – 2,483.5 MHz)    298
5.2.5    3.5 GHz CBRS GAA Tier    298
5.2.6    5 GHz (5,150 – 5,925 MHz)    298
5.2.7    6 GHz (5,925 – 7,125 MHz)    298
5.2.8    60 GHz (57 – 71 GHz)    299
5.2.9    Other Bands    299
5.3    North America    299
5.3.1    United States    299
5.3.2    Canada    300
5.4    Asia Pacific    301
5.4.1    Australia    301
5.4.2    New Zealand    301
5.4.3    China    302
5.4.4    Hong Kong    303
5.4.5    Taiwan    303
5.4.6    Japan    304
5.4.7    South Korea    305
5.4.8    Singapore    305
5.4.9    Malaysia    306
5.4.10    Indonesia    306
5.4.11    Philippines    307
5.4.12    Thailand    307
5.4.13    Vietnam    307
5.4.14    Laos    307
5.4.15    Myanmar    308
5.4.16    India    308
5.4.17    Pakistan    309
5.4.18    Rest of Asia Pacific    309
5.5    Europe    309
5.5.1    United Kingdom    309
5.5.1.1    Great Britain    309
5.5.1.2    Northern Ireland    310
5.5.2    Republic of Ireland    310
5.5.3    France    311
5.5.4    Germany    311
5.5.5    Belgium    312
5.5.6    Netherlands    312
5.5.7    Switzerland    313
5.5.8    Austria    314
5.5.9    Italy    314
5.5.10    Spain    315
5.5.11    Portugal    316
5.5.12    Sweden    316
5.5.13    Norway    317
5.5.14    Denmark    317
5.5.15    Finland    317
5.5.16    Estonia    318
5.5.17    Czech Republic    318
5.5.18    Poland    319
5.5.19    Ukraine    319
5.5.20    Türkiye    319
5.5.21    Cyprus    319
5.5.22    Greece    320
5.5.23    Bulgaria    320
5.5.24    Romania    320
5.5.25    Hungary    321
5.5.26    Slovenia    321
5.5.27    Croatia    322
5.5.28    Russia    322
5.5.29    Belarus    323
5.5.30    Rest of Europe    323
5.6    Middle East & Africa    323
5.6.1    Saudi Arabia    323
5.6.2    United Arab Emirates    324
5.6.3    Qatar    325
5.6.4    Oman    325
5.6.5    Bahrain    325
5.6.6    Kuwait    326
5.6.7    Iraq    326
5.6.8    Jordan    326
5.6.9    Israel    326
5.6.10    Egypt    327
5.6.11    Algeria    327
5.6.12    Morocco    327
5.6.13    Tunisia    327
5.6.14    South Africa    328
5.6.15    Botswana    328
5.6.16    Zambia    329
5.6.17    Kenya    329
5.6.18    Ethiopia    329
5.6.19    Angola    329
5.6.20    Republic of the Congo    329
5.6.21    Gabon    330
5.6.22    Nigeria    330
5.6.23    Uganda    330
5.6.24    Ghana    330
5.6.25    Senegal    331
5.6.26    Rest of the Middle East & Africa    331
5.7    Latin & Central America    331
5.7.1    Brazil    331
5.7.2    Mexico    332
5.7.3    Argentina    332
5.7.4    Colombia    333
5.7.5    Chile    333
5.7.6    Peru    334
5.7.7    Ecuador    334
5.7.8    Bolivia    334
5.7.9    Dominican Republic    334
5.7.10    Bardados    335
5.7.11    Trinidad & Tobago    335
5.7.12    Suriname    335
5.7.13    Rest of Latin & Central America    335
        
6    Chapter 6: Standardization, Regulatory & Collaborative Initiatives    336
6.1    3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project)    336
6.1.1    Release 15: 5G eMBB Capabilities, Introduction of Network Slicing & New Operating Bands    337
6.1.2    Release 16: 3GPP Support for NPNs, 5G URLLC, TSN, NR-U & Vertical Application Enablers    337
6.1.3    Release 17: NPN Enhancements, Edge Computing, TSC, Expansion of IIoT Features, RedCap & NTN Connectivity    338
6.1.4    Release 18: 5G Advanced, Further NPN Refinements, DetNet, Intelligent Automation, Spectrum Flexibility & XR Services    339
6.1.5    Releases 19, 20, 21 & Beyond: Succession From 5G Advanced to the 6G Evolution    340
6.2    450 MHz Alliance    340
6.2.1    Promoting 3GPP Technologies in the 380 – 470 MHz Frequency Range    341
6.3    5G-ACIA (5G Alliance for Connected Industries and Automation)    341
6.3.1    Maximizing the Applicability of 5G Technology in the Industrial Domain    341
6.4    5GAIA (5G Applications Industry Array)    342
6.4.1    Advancing the Development of China's 5G Applications Industry    342
6.5    5G Campus Network Alliance    342
6.5.1    Supporting the Market Development of 5G Campus Networks in Germany    343
6.6    5GDNA (5G Deterministic Networking Alliance)    343
6.6.1    Industry Collaboration & Promotion of 5GDN (5G Deterministic Networking)    343
6.7    5GFF (5G Future Forum)    343
6.7.1    Accelerating the Delivery of 5G MEC (Multi-Access Edge Computing) Solutions    344
6.8    5G Forum (South Korea)    344
6.8.1    Expanding Convergence Between 5G Technology & Vertical Industries    344
6.9    5G Health Association    345
6.9.1    Interfacing 5G-Based Connectivity & Healthcare Applications    345
6.10    5G-MAG (5G Media Action Group)    345
6.10.1    5G-Based NPNs in Media Production    345
6.11    5GMF (Fifth Generation Mobile Communication Promotion Forum, Japan)    346
6.11.1    Initiatives Related to Local 5G Networks in Japan    346
6.12    5GSA (5G Slicing Association)    346
6.12.1    Addressing Vertical Industry Requirements for 5G Network Slicing    346
6.13    6G-IA (6G Smart Networks and Services Industry Association)    347
6.13.1    Private 5G-Related Projects & Activities    347
6.14    AGURRE (Association of Major Users of Operational Radio Networks, France)    347
6.14.1    Spectrum Access, Regulatory Framework & Industrial Ecosystem for Private Mobile Networks    348
6.15    APCO (Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials) International    348
6.15.1    Public Safety 5G-Related Advocacy Efforts    348
6.16    ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions)    349
6.16.1    Deployment & Operational Requirements of 5G-Based NPNs    349
6.16.2    Shared HNI & IBN Administration for CBRS Spectrum    349
6.16.3    Other Private 5G-Related Initiatives    350
6.17    BTG (Dutch Association of Large-Scale ICT & Telecommunications Users)    350
6.17.1    KMBG (Dutch Critical Mobile Broadband Users) Expert Group    350
6.18    B-TrunC (Broadband Trunking Communication) Industry Alliance    351
6.18.1    B-TrunC Standard for 3GPP-Based Critical Communications    351
6.19    CAMET (China Association of Metros)    351
6.19.1    Adoption of 3GPP Networks for Urban Rail Transit Systems    351
6.20    CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations)    352
6.20.1    Common Spectrum Policies for Local 5G, PPDR Broadband & FRMCS    352
6.21    DSA (Dynamic Spectrum Alliance)    353
6.21.1    Promoting Unlicensed & Dynamic Access to Spectrum    353
6.22    Electricity Canada (Canadian Electricity Association)    353
6.22.1    PVNO & Dedicated Spectrum for Smart Grid Communications    354
6.23    ENTELEC (Energy Telecommunications and Electrical Association)    354
6.23.1    Policy Advocacy & Other Private 5G-Related Activities    354
6.24    EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute)    355
6.24.1    Research & Guidelines in Support of 3GPP-Based Utility Communications    355
6.25    ERA (European Union Agency for Railways)    355
6.25.1    Evolution of Railway Radio Communication Project    355
6.26    ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)    356
6.26.1    Technical Specifications for FRMCS, PPDR Broadband, MCX & TETRA-3GPP Interworking    356
6.26.2    Other Work Relevant to Private 5G Networks    356
6.27    EU-Rail (Europe’s Rail Joint Undertaking)    357
6.27.1    FRMCS-Related Research & Innovation Activities    357
6.28    EUTC (European Utilities Telecom Council)    357
6.28.1    Addressing 5G-Related Requirements for European Utilities    357
6.29    EUWENA (European Users of Enterprise Wireless Networks Association)    358
6.29.1    Catalyzing the Wider Adoption of 3GPP-Based Private Networks    358
6.30    EWA (Enterprise Wireless Alliance)    358
6.30.1    Supporting the Private Wireless Industry in the United States    358
6.31    free5GC    359
6.31.1    Open-Source 5GC Software    359
6.32    GSA (Global Mobile Suppliers Association)    359
6.32.1    Advocacy for Private Mobile Networks    359
6.33    GSMA (GSM Association)    360
6.33.1    Guidelines for 5G Private & Dedicated Networks    360
6.34    GUTMA (Global UTM Association)    360
6.34.1    ACJA (Aerial Connectivity Joint Activity) Initiative    360
6.35    ITU (International Telecommunication Union)    361
6.35.1    International & Regional Harmonization of 5G Spectrum    361
6.35.2    Defining the Role of IMT-2020 to Support Vertical Applications    361
6.36    JOTS (Joint Operators Technical Specification) Forum    361
6.36.1    NHIB (Neutral Host In-Building) Specification    362
6.37    JRC (Joint Radio Company)    362
6.37.1    Supporting 5G-Based Smart Grid Initiatives    362
6.38    KRRI (Korea Railroad Research Institute)    362
6.38.1    Functional Testing & Certification of 3GPP-Based Railway Communications Systems    363
6.39    LF (Linux Foundation)    363
6.39.1    Magma Mobile Core Software Platform    363
6.39.2    LF Networking's 5G Super Blueprint    363
6.39.3    LF Edge's Akraino Private 5G ICN (Integrated Cloud-Native) Blueprint    364
6.39.4    Other Projects Relevant to Private 5G Networks    364
6.40    MFA (Alliance for Private Networks)    364
6.40.1    Uni5G Technology Blueprints for Private 5G Networks    364
6.40.2    Network Identifier Program Supporting Private & Neutral Host Networks    365
6.41    MSSA (Mobile Satellite Services Association)    365
6.41.1    Advancing the Global Direct-to-Device NTN Ecosystem    365
6.42    NGA (Next G Alliance)    366
6.42.1    Building the Foundation for North American Leadership in 6G    366
6.43    NGMN (Next-Generation Mobile Networks) Alliance    366
6.43.1    Work Related to Private 5G & Network Slicing    366
6.44    NSC (National Spectrum Consortium)    367
6.44.1    Enhancing Spectrum Superiority & 5G Capabilities for Federal Users    367
6.45    OCP (Open Compute Project) Foundation    367
6.45.1    Initiatives Aimed at Open Designs for Telco Hardware    367
6.46    one6G Association    368
6.46.1    Driving 6G Innovation & Development Across Vertical Industries    368
6.47    ONF (Open Networking Foundation)    368
6.47.1    Aether Private 5G Connected Edge Platform    368
6.47.2    SD-RAN, SD-Core, OMEC & Other Relevant Projects    369
6.48    OnGo Alliance    369
6.48.1    Promoting 5G OnGo Wireless Network Technology    369
6.48.2    Technical Specifications & Guidelines for 5G NR-Based CBRS Networks    369
6.48.3    Product Certification Program Supporting Multi-Vendor Interoperability    370
6.49    OPC Foundation    370
6.49.1    OPC UA (Unified Architecture) Over 5G for Industry 4.0 Applications    370
6.50    Open RAN Policy Coalition    371
6.50.1    Promoting Policies to Drive the Adoption of Open RAN    371
6.51    Open5GCore    371
6.51.1    Vendor-Independent 5GC Implementation    371
6.52    Open5GS & NextEPC    372
6.52.1    Open-Source 5GC & EPC Software    372
6.53    OpenInfra (Open Infrastructure) Foundation    372
6.53.1    StarlingX Software Stack for Ultra-Low Latency Edge Applications    372
6.53.2    OpenStack Cloud Software & Other Projects    373
6.54    O-RAN Alliance    373
6.54.1    O-RAN Architecture Specifications    373
6.54.2    O-RAN SC (Software Community)    373
6.54.3    Testing & Integration Support    374
6.55    OSA (OpenAirInterface Software Alliance)    374
6.55.1    OAI (OpenAirInterface) 5G RAN, Core & MOSAIC5G Projects    374
6.56    PIA (PSBN Innovation Alliance)    374
6.56.1    PSBN (Public Safety Broadband Network) Governance in Canada's Ontario Province    375
6.57    PMeV (German Professional Mobile Radio Association)    375
6.57.1    Professional Broadband & 5G Campus Network-Related Activities    375
6.58    PSBTA (Public Safety Broadband Technology Association)    376
6.58.1    Public Safety 5G-Related Activities    376
6.59    PSCE (Public Safety Communication Europe)    376
6.59.1    Public Safety Broadband-Related Standardization Activities    376
6.59.2    BroadX Projects: Pan-European Interoperable Mobile Broadband System for Public Safety    377
6.60    Safe-Net Forum    377
6.60.1    Technical & Policy Guidance for 3GPP-Based Critical Communications Networks    378
6.61    SCF (Small Cell Forum)    378
6.61.1    Reference Blueprints for Private 5G Networks    378
6.61.2    Neutral Hosting, Edge Computing & Other Relevant Work    379
6.62    Seamless Air Alliance    379
6.62.1    Leading Global Standards for Inflight Connectivity    379
6.63    SimpleRAN    379
6.63.1    Ensuring Interoperability & Transparency in the vRAN Ecosystem    380
6.64    srsRAN Project    380
6.64.1    Open-Source 5G Software Suite    380
6.65    TCA (Trusted Connectivity Alliance)    380
6.65.1    5G SIM/eSIM Recommendations for Private Networks    380
6.66    TCCA (The Critical Communications Association)    381
6.66.1    CCBG (Critical Communications Broadband Group)    381
6.66.2    BIG (Broadband Industry Group)    382
6.66.3    SCADA, Smart Grid & IoT Group    382
6.66.4    Future Technologies Group    382
6.67    techUK    383
6.67.1    SPF (Spectrum Policy Forum)    383
6.68    TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)    383
6.68.1    Defining Requirements for LMR-3GPP Interworking & Critical Broadband Capabilities    383
6.69    TIP (Telecom Infra Project)    384
6.69.1    5G Private Networks Solution Group    384
6.69.2    Neutral Host NaaS Solution Group    384
6.69.3    OpenRAN & Open Core Network Groups    384
6.69.4    Other Relevant Product & Solution Groups    385
6.70    TTA (Telecommunications Technology Association, South Korea)    385
6.70.1    Standardization Efforts for 3GPP-Based Public Safety, Railway & Maritime Communications    385
6.71    U.S. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)    386
6.71.1    Public Safety Broadband & 5G-Related R&D Initiatives    386
6.72    U.S. NPSTC (National Public Safety Telecommunications Council)    386
6.72.1    Leadership for LMR-3GPP Interworking & Public Safety Broadband Communications    387
6.73    U.S. NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration)    387
6.73.1    Wireless Innovation & Supply Chain Security    387
6.74    UBBA (Utility Broadband Alliance)    388
6.74.1    Championing the Advancement of Private Broadband Networks for Utilities    388
6.75    UIC (International Union of Railways)    388
6.75.1    FRMCS Program for the Replacement of GSM-R Networks    388
6.76    UK5G Innovation Network    389
6.76.1    Promoting Private 5G Adoption Projects, Testbeds & Trials    389
6.77    UNIFE (The European Rail Supply Industry Association)    389
6.77.1    UNITEL Committee: Development & Implementation of FRMCS    390
6.78    UTC (Utilities Technology Council)    390
6.78.1    Private 5G-Related Advocacy, Technology Development & Policy Efforts    390
6.79    UTCAL (Utilities Telecom & Technology Council América Latina)    391
6.79.1    Promoting Private 5G Networks for Latin American Utilities    391
6.80    VDMA (German Mechanical and Plant Engineering Association)    391
6.80.1    Guidelines for 5G in Mechanical & Plant Engineering    391
6.81    WBA (Wireless Broadband Alliance)    392
6.81.1    5G & Wi-Fi Convergence in Private 5G Networks    392
6.81.2    OpenRoaming for Private 5G    392
6.82    WhiteSpace Alliance    392
6.82.1    Promoting the Use of 3GPP, IEEE & IETF Standards for TVWS Spectrum    393
6.83    WInnForum (Wireless Innovation Forum)    393
6.83.1    CBRS Standards for the Implementation of FCC Rulemaking    393
6.83.2    6 GHz Unlicensed Sharing & Other Committees    393
6.84    XGP (eXtended Global Platform) Forum    394
6.84.1    Development & Promotion of the sXGP Unlicensed Service    394
6.85    Others    394
6.85.1    Vendor-Led Private 5G Alliances    394
6.85.2    National Government Agencies & Regulators    394
6.85.3    Regional & Country-Specific Associations    395
6.85.4    Global Industry Initiatives & Organizations    396
        
7    Chapter 7: Case Studies of Private 5G Networks    397
7.1    ABP (Associated British Ports): Shared Access License-Enabled Private 5G Network for Port of Southampton    397
7.1.1    Operational Model    397
7.1.2    Spectrum Type    397
7.1.3    Integrators & Suppliers    397
7.1.4    Deployment Summary    397
7.2    Adif AV (Alta Velocidad): Private 5G Infrastructure for Wireless Access in Strategic Logistics Terminals    399
7.2.1    Operational Model    399
7.2.2    Spectrum Type    399
7.2.3    Integrators & Suppliers    399
7.2.4    Deployment Summary    399
7.3    Agnico Eagle Mines: Streamlining Mining Operations With Industrial-Grade Private 5G Networks    401
7.3.1    Operational Model    401
7.3.2    Spectrum Type    401
7.3.3    Integrators & Suppliers    401
7.3.4    Deployment Summary    401
7.4    Airbus: Multi-Campus Private Cellular Network for Aircraft Manufacturing Facilities Across Europe    404
7.4.1    Operational Model    404
7.4.2    Spectrum Type    404
7.4.3    Integrators & Suppliers    404
7.4.4    Deployment Summary    404
7.5    ANA (All Nippon Airways): Local 5G-Powered Digital Transformation of Aviation Training    406
7.5.1    Operational Model    406
7.5.2    Spectrum Type    406
7.5.3    Integrators & Suppliers    406
7.5.4    Deployment Summary    406
7.6    ArcelorMittal: 5G Steel Project for Industrial Digitization & Automation    407
7.6.1    Operational Model    407
7.6.2    Spectrum Type    407
7.6.3    Integrators & Suppliers    407
7.6.4    Deployment Summary    407
7.7    ASE Group: 28 GHz mmWave 5G Network for Semiconductor Manufacturing    409
7.7.1    Operational Model    409
7.7.2    Spectrum Type    409
7.7.3    Integrators & Suppliers    409
7.7.4    Deployment Summary    409
7.8    ASN (Alcatel Submarine Networks): Private 5G Networks for Calais & Greenwich Production Sites    410
7.8.1    Operational Model    410
7.8.2    Spectrum Type    410
7.8.3    Integrators & Suppliers    410
7.8.4    Deployment Summary    410
7.9    BAM Nuttall: Accelerating Innovation at Construction Sites With Private 5G Networks    412
7.9.1    Operational Model    412
7.9.2    Spectrum Type    412
7.9.3    Integrators & Suppliers    412
7.9.4    Deployment Summary    412
7.10    Barcelona Port Authority: Standalone Private 5G Network for 500 Tenant Companies    414
7.10.1    Operational Model    414
7.10.2    Spectrum Type    414
7.10.3    Integrators & Suppliers    414
7.10.4    Deployment Summary    414
7.11    BASF: 5G Campus Networks for Real-Time Wireless Connectivity in Chemical Production Sites    415
7.11.1    Operational Model    415
7.11.2    Spectrum Type    415
7.11.3    Integrators & Suppliers    415
7.11.4    Deployment Summary    415
7.12    BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation): Portable 5G-Based NPN Solution for News Contribution    417
7.12.1    Operational Model    417
7.12.2    Spectrum Type    417
7.12.3    Integrators & Suppliers    417
7.12.4    Deployment Summary    417
7.13    BHP: Transitioning From Private LTE to Standalone 5G Networks for Advanced Digitization & Automation    418
7.13.1    Operational Model    418
7.13.2    Spectrum Type    418
7.13.3    Integrators & Suppliers    418
7.13.4    Deployment Summary    418
7.14    BlackRock: On-Premise Private 5G Network Installation for New York Global Headquarters    420
7.14.1    Operational Model    420
7.14.2    Spectrum Type    420
7.14.3    Integrators & Suppliers    420
7.14.4    Deployment Summary    420
7.15    BMW Group: Private 5G Networks for Autonomous Intralogistics in Production Plants    421
7.15.1    Operational Model    421
7.15.2    Spectrum Type    421
7.15.3    Integrators & Suppliers    421
7.15.4    Deployment Summary    421
7.16    Boston Children's Hospital: Scalable Hybrid Public-Private 5G Network for Connected Healthcare    423
7.16.1    Operational Model    423
7.16.2    Spectrum Type    423
7.16.3    Integrators & Suppliers    423
7.16.4    Deployment Summary    423
7.17    BT Media & Broadcast: Private 5G Networks for Live Sports Content Production    424
7.17.1    Operational Model    424
7.17.2    Spectrum Type    424
7.17.3    Integrators & Suppliers    424
7.17.4    Deployment Summary    424
7.18    Cal Poly (California Polytechnic State University): Converged Public-Private 5G Network    426
7.18.1    Operational Model    426
7.18.2    Spectrum Type    426
7.18.3    Integrators & Suppliers    426
7.18.4    Deployment Summary    426
7.19    China National Coal Group: Multi-Band 700 MHz & 2.6 GHz Private 5G Network for Dahaize Coal Mine    427
7.19.1    Operational Model    427
7.19.2    Spectrum Type    427
7.19.3    Integrators & Suppliers    427
7.19.4    Deployment Summary    427
7.20    CJ Logistics: Bolstering Fulfillment Center Productivity Using Private 5G Network    429
7.20.1    Operational Model    429
7.20.2    Spectrum Type    429
7.20.3    Integrators & Suppliers    429
7.20.4    Deployment Summary    429
7.21    Cleveland Clinic: Private 5G Network for Mentor Hospital    431
7.21.1    Operational Model    431
7.21.2    Spectrum Type    431
7.21.3    Integrators & Suppliers    431
7.21.4    Deployment Summary    431
7.22    Cologne Bonn Airport: Revolutionizing Internal Operations With Private 5G Campus Network    432
7.22.1    Operational Model    432
7.22.2    Spectrum Type    432
7.22.3    Integrators & Suppliers    432
7.22.4    Deployment Summary    432
7.23    COMAC (Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China): 5G-Connected Intelligent Aircraft Manufacturing Factories    434
7.23.1    Operational Model    434
7.23.2    Spectrum Type    434
7.23.3    Integrators & Suppliers    434
7.23.4    Deployment Summary    434
7.24    CSG (China Southern Power Grid): Harnessing Private Cellular Systems & 5G Network Slicing for Smart Grid Operations    436
7.24.1    Operational Model    436
7.24.2    Spectrum Type    436
7.24.3    Integrators & Suppliers    436
7.24.4    Deployment Summary    436
7.25    DB (Deutsche Bahn): Digitizing & Automating Rail Operations With 5G-Based FRMCS    438
7.25.1    Operational Model    438
7.25.2    Spectrum Type    438
7.25.3    Integrators & Suppliers    438
7.25.4    Deployment Summary    438
7.26    Delta Electronics: Private 5G Networks for Manufacturing Facilities in Taiwan & Thailand    440
7.26.1    Operational Model    440
7.26.2    Spectrum Type    440
7.26.3    Integrators & Suppliers    440
7.26.4    Deployment Summary    440
7.27    District of Ban Chang: 26 GHz mmWave Private 5G Network for Smart City Services    442
7.27.1    Operational Model    442
7.27.2    Spectrum Type    442
7.27.3    Integrators & Suppliers    442
7.27.4    Deployment Summary    442
7.28    Dongyi Group Coal Gasification Company: Hybrid Public-Private Network for Xinyan Coal Mine    443
7.28.1    Operational Model    443
7.28.2    Spectrum Type    443
7.28.3    Integrators & Suppliers    443
7.28.4    Deployment Summary    443
7.29    EHIME CATV: Gigabit-Grade FWA Service Using 28 GHz Local 5G Network    444
7.29.1    Operational Model    444
7.29.2    Spectrum Type    444
7.29.3    Integrators & Suppliers    444
7.29.4    Deployment Summary    444
7.30    Estonian Ministry of Defense: Private 5G Network for CR14 (Cyber Range 14)    445
7.30.1    Operational Model    445
7.30.2    Spectrum Type    445
7.30.3    Integrators & Suppliers    445
7.30.4    Deployment Summary    446
7.31    EUROGATE: 5G Campus Networks for the Digitization of Port Logistics    447
7.31.1    Operational Model    447
7.31.2    Spectrum Type    447
7.31.3    Integrators & Suppliers    447
7.31.4    Deployment Summary    447
7.32    EWG (East-West Gate) Intermodal Terminal: Private 5G Network for Smart Railway Logistics    449
7.32.1    Operational Model    449
7.32.2    Spectrum Type    449
7.32.3    Integrators & Suppliers    449
7.32.4    Deployment Summary    449
7.33    Ferrovial: Standalone Private 5G Network for Silvertown Tunnel Project    451
7.33.1    Operational Model    451
7.33.2    Spectrum Type    451
7.33.3    Integrators & Suppliers    451
7.33.4    Deployment Summary    451
7.34    Fiskarheden: Local 3.7 GHz License-Based Private 5G Network for Transtrand Sawmill    453
7.34.1    Operational Model    453
7.34.2    Spectrum Type    453
7.34.3    Integrators & Suppliers    453
7.34.4    Deployment Summary    453
7.35    Frankfurt University Hospital: Dedicated 5G Network for Secure Medical Messaging & Remote Diagnostics    454
7.35.1    Operational Model    454
7.35.2    Spectrum Type    454
7.35.3    Integrators & Suppliers    454
7.35.4    Deployment Summary    454
7.36    Fraport: Private 5G Campus Network for Future-Oriented Operations at Frankfurt Airport    456
7.36.1    Operational Model    456
7.36.2    Spectrum Type    456
7.36.3    Integrators & Suppliers    456
7.36.4    Deployment Summary    456
7.37    Fujitsu: Japan's First 5G Network Installation Based on 28 GHz Local 5G Spectrum    458
7.37.1    Operational Model    458
7.37.2    Spectrum Type    458
7.37.3    Integrators & Suppliers    458
7.37.4    Deployment Summary    458
7.38    Gerdau: Private 5G Network for Ouro Branco Steel Production Plant    460
7.38.1    Operational Model    460
7.38.2    Spectrum Type    460
7.38.3    Integrators & Suppliers    460
7.38.4    Deployment Summary    460
7.39    Gogo Business Aviation: 5G A2G Wireless Network for Inflight Connectivity    461
7.39.1    Operational Model    461
7.39.2    Spectrum Type    461
7.39.3    Integrators & Suppliers    461
7.39.4    Deployment Summary    461
7.40    Guangzhou Metro: 5G + Smart Metro Project for Urban Rail Transit    463
7.40.1    Operational Model    463
7.40.2    Spectrum Type    463
7.40.3    Integrators & Suppliers    463
7.40.4    Deployment Summary    463
7.41    Hanshin Electric Railway: Capitalizing on Local 5G for Safer & Efficient Railway Operations    465
7.41.1    Operational Model    465
7.41.2    Spectrum Type    465
7.41.3    Integrators & Suppliers    465
7.41.4    Deployment Summary    465
7.42    Helios Park Hospital: Enhancing Medical System Efficiency With Standalone 5G Campus Network    466
7.42.1    Operational Model    466
7.42.2    Spectrum Type    466
7.42.3    Integrators & Suppliers    466
7.42.4    Deployment Summary    466
7.43    Hip Hing Engineering: Dedicated 5G Network for Kai Tak Sports Park    467
7.43.1    Operational Model    467
7.43.2    Spectrum Type    467
7.43.3    Integrators & Suppliers    467
7.43.4    Deployment Summary    467
7.44    Hiroshima Gas: Local 5G-Powered Safety Operations at Hatsukaichi LNG Terminal    468
7.44.1    Operational Model    468
7.44.2    Spectrum Type    468
7.44.3    Integrators & Suppliers    468
7.44.4    Deployment Summary    468
7.45    HKIA (Hong Kong International Airport): 28 GHz Public-Private 5G Infrastructure Project    469
7.45.1    Operational Model    469
7.45.2    Spectrum Type    469
7.45.3    Integrators & Suppliers    469
7.45.4    Deployment Summary    469
7.46    Hoban Construction: 4.7 GHz Private 5G Network for Apartment Complex Worksite    471
7.46.1    Operational Model    471
7.46.2    Spectrum Type    471
7.46.3    Integrators & Suppliers    471
7.46.4    Deployment Summary    471
7.47    Hsinchu City Fire Department: Satellite-Backhauled Private 5G Network for PPDR Communications    473
7.47.1    Operational Model    473
7.47.2    Spectrum Type    473
7.47.3    Integrators & Suppliers    473
7.47.4    Deployment Summary    473
7.48    Hutchison Ports: Driving the Digitization & Automation of Ports Through Private 5G Networks    474
7.48.1    Operational Model    474
7.48.2    Spectrum Type    474
7.48.3    Integrators & Suppliers    474
7.48.4    Deployment Summary    474
7.49    Inventec Corporation: Standalone Private 5G Network for Taoyuan Guishan Plant    476
7.49.1    Operational Model    476
7.49.2    Spectrum Type    476
7.49.3    Integrators & Suppliers    476
7.49.4    Deployment Summary    476
7.50    IRFU (Irish Rugby Football Union): Enabling Fast In-Play Data Analysis With Private 5G Network    478
7.50.1    Operational Model    478
7.50.2    Spectrum Type    478
7.50.3    Integrators & Suppliers    478
7.50.4    Deployment Summary    478
7.51    Jacto: Private 5G Network for Paulópolis Agricultural Machinery Manufacturing Plant    479
7.51.1    Operational Model    479
7.51.2    Spectrum Type    479
7.51.3    Integrators & Suppliers    479
7.51.4    Deployment Summary    479
7.52    JBG SMITH Properties: National Landing Private 5G Infrastructure Platform    480
7.52.1    Operational Model    480
7.52.2    Spectrum Type    480
7.52.3    Integrators & Suppliers    480
7.52.4    Deployment Summary    480
7.53    JD Logistics: Migrating AGV Communications From Wi-Fi to Private 5G Networks    481
7.53.1    Operational Model    481
7.53.2    Spectrum Type    481
7.53.3    Integrators & Suppliers    481
7.53.4    Deployment Summary    482
7.54    John Deere: Employing Private 5G Networks to Unshackle Industrial Facilities From Cables    483
7.54.1    Operational Model    483
7.54.2    Spectrum Type    483
7.54.3    Integrators & Suppliers    483
7.54.4    Deployment Summary    483
7.55    Kansai Electric Power: Enhancing Power Station & Wind Farm Maintenance Using Local 5G Networks    485
7.55.1    Operational Model    485
7.55.2    Spectrum Type    485
7.55.3    Integrators & Suppliers    485
7.55.4    Deployment Summary    485
7.56    Kaohsiung City Police Department: Sliced Private 5G Network for Smart Patrol Cars    486
7.56.1    Operational Model    486
7.56.2    Spectrum Type    486
7.56.3    Integrators & Suppliers    486
7.56.4    Deployment Summary    486
7.57    Kawasaki Heavy Industries: Connecting Smart Factory Robotics With Local 5G Technology    488
7.57.1    Operational Model    488
7.57.2    Spectrum Type    488
7.57.3    Integrators & Suppliers    488
7.57.4    Deployment Summary    488
7.58    KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation): Private 5G Networks for Substation Management    489
7.58.1    Operational Model    489
7.58.2    Spectrum Type    489
7.58.3    Integrators & Suppliers    489
7.58.4    Deployment Summary    489
7.59    Kumagai Gumi: Unleashing the Potential of Unmanned Construction Using Local 5G Networks    490
7.59.1    Operational Model    490
7.59.2    Spectrum Type    490
7.59.3    Integrators & Suppliers    490
7.59.4    Deployment Summary    490
7.60    Latvian Ministry of Defense: Camp Adaži 5G Testbed for Defense Innovations    492
7.60.1    Operational Model    492
7.60.2    Spectrum Type    492
7.60.3    Integrators & Suppliers    492
7.60.4    Deployment Summary    492
7.61    Lishui Municipal Emergency Management: 5G-Enabled Natural Disaster Management System    493
7.61.1    Operational Model    493
7.61.2    Spectrum Type    493
7.61.3    Integrators & Suppliers    493
7.61.4    Deployment Summary    493
7.62    Liverpool 5G Create Project: Standalone Private 5G Network for Digital Health, Education & Social Care    495
7.62.1    Operational Model    495
7.62.2    Spectrum Type    495
7.62.3    Integrators & Suppliers    495
7.62.4    Deployment Summary    495
7.63    Lufthansa Technik: Industrial-Grade 5G Campus Network for Hamburg Engine Shops    497
7.63.1    Operational Model    497
7.63.2    Spectrum Type    497
7.63.3    Integrators & Suppliers    497
7.63.4    Deployment Summary    497
7.64    Mercedes-Benz Group: World's First 5G Campus Network for Automotive Production    500
7.64.1    Operational Model    500
7.64.2    Spectrum Type    500
7.64.3    Integrators & Suppliers    500
7.64.4    Deployment Summary    500
7.65    Midea Group: 5G-Connected Factories for Washing Machine Manufacturing    502
7.65.1    Operational Model    502
7.65.2    Spectrum Type    502
7.65.3    Integrators & Suppliers    502
7.65.4    Deployment Summary    502
7.66    Mitsubishi Electric: Local 5G-Based Industrial Wireless System for Factory Automation    504
7.66.1    Operational Model    504
7.66.2    Spectrum Type    504
7.66.3    Integrators & Suppliers    504
7.66.4    Deployment Summary    504
7.67    Narita International Airport: Local 5G Network for Self-Driving Shuttle Buses & Critical Communications    506
7.67.1    Operational Model    506
7.67.2    Spectrum Type    506
7.67.3    Integrators & Suppliers    506
7.67.4    Deployment Summary    506
7.68    Navantia: Digital Transformation of Shipyard Operations Using Dedicated 5G Infrastructure & Edge Computing    507
7.68.1    Operational Model    507
7.68.2    Spectrum Type    507
7.68.3    Integrators & Suppliers    507
7.68.4    Deployment Summary    507
7.69    NEC Corporation: Improving Production Efficiency With Local 5G-Connected Autonomous Transport System    508
7.69.1    Operational Model    508
7.69.2    Spectrum Type    508
7.69.3    Integrators & Suppliers    508
7.69.4    Deployment Summary    508
7.70    NLMK Group: Digitizing Steel Production & Mining Operations With Private Wireless Networks    510
7.70.1    Operational Model    510
7.70.2    Spectrum Type    510
7.70.3    Integrators & Suppliers    510
7.70.4    Deployment Summary    510
7.71    Norwegian Armed Forces: Defense-Specific Network Slices & Tactical Private 5G Systems    511
7.71.1    Operational Model    511
7.71.2    Spectrum Type    511
7.71.3    Integrators & Suppliers    511
7.71.4    Deployment Summary    511
7.72    PCK Raffinerie: Accelerating Oil Refinery Digitization With 5G Campus Network    513
7.72.1    Operational Model    513
7.72.2    Spectrum Type    513
7.72.3    Integrators & Suppliers    513
7.72.4    Deployment Summary    513
7.73    Port of Tyne: Advancing Smart Port Transformation With Private 5G Network    514
7.73.1    Operational Model    514
7.73.2    Spectrum Type    514
7.73.3    Integrators & Suppliers    514
7.73.4    Deployment Summary    514
7.74    POSCO: Leveraging Private 5G to Link Autonomous Locomotives & Railway Control Systems    516
7.74.1    Operational Model    516
7.74.2    Spectrum Type    516
7.74.3    Integrators & Suppliers    516
7.74.4    Deployment Summary    516
7.75    PSA International: Private 5G Networks for Container Terminal Operations    517
7.75.1    Operational Model    517
7.75.2    Spectrum Type    517
7.75.3    Integrators & Suppliers    517
7.75.4    Deployment Summary    517
7.76    Ricoh: Embracing Digital Innovation in Production Operations With Local 5G Networks    519
7.76.1    Operational Model    519
7.76.2    Spectrum Type    519
7.76.3    Integrators & Suppliers    519
7.76.4    Deployment Summary    519
7.77    Robert Bosch: Automating & Digitizing Manufacturing Facilities With Private 5G Networks    520
7.77.1    Operational Model    520
7.77.2    Spectrum Type    520
7.77.3    Integrators & Suppliers    520
7.77.4    Deployment Summary    520
7.78    ROKN (Republic of Korea Navy): Secure Private 5G Network for Second Fleet Operations    522
7.78.1    Operational Model    522
7.78.2    Spectrum Type    522
7.78.3    Integrators & Suppliers    522
7.78.4    Deployment Summary    522
7.79    Ryder Cup Golf Competition: Integrated Private 5G/Wi-Fi Network for Fans & Staff    524
7.79.1    Operational Model    524
7.79.2    Spectrum Type    524
7.79.3    Integrators & Suppliers    524
7.79.4    Deployment Summary    524
7.80    São Martinho: Pioneering Smart Agribusiness Innovations With Private 5G Networks    526
7.80.1    Operational Model    526
7.80.2    Spectrum Type    526
7.80.3    Integrators & Suppliers    526
7.80.4    Deployment Summary    526
7.81    SCA (Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget): Local 5G Connectivity for Timber Terminals & Paper Mills    528
7.81.1    Operational Model    528
7.81.2    Spectrum Type    528
7.81.3    Integrators & Suppliers    528
7.81.4    Deployment Summary    528
7.82    SGCC (State Grid Corporation of China): Sliced Public-Private 5G & 5.8 GHz Private NR-U Networks    530
7.82.1    Operational Model    530
7.82.2    Spectrum Type    530
7.82.3    Integrators & Suppliers    530
7.82.4    Deployment Summary    530
7.83    Siemens: Independently Developed Private 5G Infrastructure for Industry 4.0 Applications    532
7.83.1    Operational Model    532
7.83.2    Spectrum Type    532
7.83.3    Integrators & Suppliers    532
7.83.4    Deployment Summary    532
7.84    Sinopec (China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation): 5G + Smart Petrochemical Project    534
7.84.1    Operational Model    534
7.84.2    Spectrum Type    534
7.84.3    Integrators & Suppliers    534
7.84.4    Deployment Summary    534
7.85    SMC (Samsung Medical Center): On-Premise Private 5G Network for Medical Education    536
7.85.1    Operational Model    536
7.85.2    Spectrum Type    536
7.85.3    Integrators & Suppliers    536
7.85.4    Deployment Summary    536
7.86    Snam: Hybrid 5G MPN (Mobile Private Network) for 23 Plants    537
7.86.1    Operational Model    537
7.86.2    Spectrum Type    537
7.86.3    Integrators & Suppliers    537
7.86.4    Deployment Summary    537
7.87    SNCF (French National Railways): Enabling Rail Innovations With 5G Technology    538
7.87.1    Operational Model    538
7.87.2    Spectrum Type    538
7.87.3    Integrators & Suppliers    538
7.87.4    Deployment Summary    538
7.88    Swedish Armed Forces: Tactical 5G Bubbles for Secure Military Communications    540
7.88.1    Operational Model    540
7.88.2    Spectrum Type    540
7.88.3    Integrators & Suppliers    540
7.88.4    Deployment Summary    540
7.89    TBN (Trinity Broadcasting Network): Private 5G Network for Broadcast Studio    541
7.89.1    Operational Model    541
7.89.2    Spectrum Type    541
7.89.3    Integrators & Suppliers    541
7.89.4    Deployment Summary    541
7.90    Tianjin Port Group: On-Premise 5G Infrastructure for Intelligent & Automated Port Operations    542
7.90.1    Operational Model    542
7.90.2    Spectrum Type    542
7.90.3    Integrators & Suppliers    542
7.90.4    Deployment Summary    542
7.91    Tokyo Metropolitan University: L5G (Local 5G) Project in Support of "Future Tokyo" Strategy    543
7.91.1    Operational Model    543
7.91.2    Spectrum Type    543
7.91.3    Integrators & Suppliers    543
7.91.4    Deployment Summary    543
7.92    U.S. DOD (Department of Defense): Expanding 5G-Enabled Communications & Warfighting Capabilities    545
7.92.1    Operational Model    545
7.92.2    Spectrum Type    545
7.92.3    Integrators & Suppliers    545
7.92.4    Deployment Summary    545
7.93    UKD (University Hospital of Düsseldorf): Improving Patient Care & Saving Lives With 5G Campus Network    548
7.93.1    Operational Model    548
7.93.2    Spectrum Type    548
7.93.3    Integrators & Suppliers    548
7.93.4    Deployment Summary    548
7.94    Ushino Nakayama: Transforming Kagoshima Wagyu Beef Production With Local 5G Connectivity    550
7.94.1    Operational Model    550
7.94.2    Spectrum Type    550
7.94.3    Integrators & Suppliers    550
7.94.4    Deployment Summary    550
7.95    VA Palo Alto Health Care System: Campus-Wide Private 5G Network for Clinical Care Applications    552
7.95.1    Operational Model    552
7.95.2    Spectrum Type    552
7.95.3    Integrators & Suppliers    552
7.95.4    Deployment Summary    552
7.96    Volkswagen Group: Private 5G for Smart Manufacturing & Intelligent Vehicle Development    554
7.96.1    Operational Model    554
7.96.2    Spectrum Type    554
7.96.3    Integrators & Suppliers    554
7.96.4    Deployment Summary    554
7.97    VPA (Virginia Port Authority): Private 5G Connectivity for Semi-Automated Container Terminals    558
7.97.1    Operational Model    558
7.97.2    Spectrum Type    558
7.97.3    Integrators & Suppliers    558
7.97.4    Deployment Summary    558
7.98    West China Second University Hospital (Sichuan University): Enabling Smart Healthcare With Private 5G Network    560
7.98.1    Operational Model    560
7.98.2    Spectrum Type    560
7.98.3    Integrators & Suppliers    560
7.98.4    Deployment Summary    560
7.99    WISCO (Wuhan Iron & Steel Corporation): Dual-Layer 2.1 GHz & 3.5 GHz Private 5G Network for Steel Plant    562
7.99.1    Operational Model    562
7.99.2    Spectrum Type    562
7.99.3    Integrators & Suppliers    562
7.99.4    Deployment Summary    562
7.100    X Shore: Empowering Electric Boat Manufacturing With Private 5G Network    564
7.100.1    Operational Model    564
7.100.2    Spectrum Type    564
7.100.3    Integrators & Suppliers    564
7.100.4    Deployment Summary    564
        
8    Chapter 8: Key Ecosystem Players    565
8.1    10T Tech    565
8.2    1NCE    566
8.3    1oT    567
8.4    2TEST (Alkor-Communication)    568
8.5    3D-P (Epiroc)    569
8.6    450connect    570
8.7    4K Solutions    571
8.8    4RF    572
8.9    6Harmonics/6WiLInk    573
8.10    6WIND    574
8.11    7P (Seven Principles)    575
8.12    A Beep/Diga-Talk+    576
8.13    A1 Telekom Austria Group    577
8.14    A10 Networks    578
8.15    A5G Networks    579
8.16    AAEON Technology (ASUS – ASUSTeK Computer)    580
8.17    Aarna Networks    581
8.18    ABB    582
8.19    ABEL Mobilfunk    583
8.20    ABiT Corporation    584
8.21    ABS    585
8.22    Abside Networks    586
8.23    Accedian    587
8.24    AccelerComm    588
8.25    Accelink Technologies    589
8.26    Accelleran    590
8.27    Accenture    591
8.28    Access Spectrum    592
8.29    Accton Technology Corporation    593
8.30    Accuver (InnoWireless)    594
8.31    ACE Technologies    595
8.32    AceTel (Ace Solutions)    596
8.33    Achronix Semiconductor Corporation    597
8.34    ACOME    598
8.35    Actelis Networks    599
8.36    Action Technologies (Shenzhen Action Technologies)    600
8.37    Actiontec Electronics    601
8.38    Active911    602
8.39    Actus Networks    603
8.40    Adax    604
8.41    Adcor Magnet Systems    605
8.42    ADI (Analog Devices, Inc.)    606
8.43    ADLINK Technology    607
8.44    ADRF (Advanced RF Technologies)    608
8.45    ADT    609
8.46    Adtran    610
8.47    Advanced Energy Industries    611
8.48    AdvanceTec Industries    612
8.49    Advantech    613
8.50    Advantech Wireless Technologies (Baylin Technologies)    614
8.51    Aegex Technologies    615
8.52    Aerial Applications    616
8.53    Aeris    617
8.54    Aerostar International    618
8.55    Aethertek    619
8.56    Affarii Technologies    620
8.57    Affirmed Networks (Microsoft Corporation)    621
8.58    AFL Global    622
8.59    AFRY    623
8.60    Agile (Agile Interoperable Solutions)    624
8.61    AGIS (Advanced Ground Information Systems)    625
8.62    AGM Mobile    626
8.63    AH NET (MVM NET)    627
8.64    AI-LINK    628
8.65    AINA Wireless    629
8.66    Airbus/SLC (Secure Land Communications)    630
8.67    Airfide Networks    632
8.68    Airgain    633
8.69    AirHop Communications    634
8.70    Airlinq    635
8.71    Airspan Networks    636
8.72    Airtower Networks    637
8.73    Airwavz Solutions    638
8.74    AIS (Advanced Info Service)    639
8.75    AiVader    640
8.76    Akamai Technologies    641
8.77    Akoustis Technologies    642
8.78    Alaxala Networks Corporation (Fortinet)    643
8.79    ALBEDO Telecom    644
8.80    albis-elcon (UET – United Electronic Technology)    645
8.81    Alcadis    646
8.82    Alea (Leonardo)    647
8.83    Alef (Alef Edge)    648
8.84    Alepo    649
8.85    Alibaba Group    650
8.86    Aliniant    651
8.87    Allbesmart    652
8.88    Allen Vanguard Wireless    653
8.89    Allerio    654
8.90    Allied Telesis    655
8.91    Allot    656
8.92    Alpha Networks    657
8.93    Alpha Wireless    658
8.94    Alsatis Réseaux    659
8.95    Alstom    660
8.96    Altaeros    661
8.97    Altair Semiconductor (Sony Semiconductor Israel)    662
8.98    ALTÁN Redes    663
8.99    Altice Group    664
8.100    ALVIS (Argentina)    665
8.101    AM Telecom    666
8.102    Amantya Technologies    667
8.103    Amarisoft    668
8.104    Amazon/AWS (Amazon Web Services)    669
8.105    Ambra Solutions-ECOTEL    670
8.106    AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)    671
8.107    Amdocs    672
8.108    América Móvil    673
8.109    American Tower Corporation    674
8.110    AMI (American Megatrends International)    675
8.111    AMIT Wireless    676
8.112    Ampere Computing    677
8.113    Amphenol Corporation    678
8.114    Ampleon    679
8.115    Amtele Communication    680
8.116    Andesat    681
8.117    ANDRO Computational Solutions    682
8.118    Anktion (Fujian) Technology    683
8.119    Anokiwave    684
8.120    Anritsu    685
8.121    ANS – Advanced Network Services (Charge Enterprises)    686
8.122    Antenna Company    687
8.123    Anterix    688
8.124    Antevia Networks    689
8.125    Antna Antenna Technology    690
8.126    Aorotech    691
8.127    Apple    692
8.128    APRESIA Systems    693
8.129    APSTAR (APT Satellite Company)    694
8.130    APT (Asia Pacific Telecom)    695
8.131    aql    696
8.132    Aquila (Suzhou Aquila Solutions)    697
8.133    Aqura Technologies (Telstra Purple)    698
8.134    Arabsat    699
8.135    Arcadyan Technology Corporation (Compal Electronics)    700
8.136    Archos    701
8.137    Arctic Semiconductor (Formerly SiTune Corporation)    702
8.138    Arete M    703
8.139    Argela    704
8.140    ArgoNET    705
8.141    Aria Networks    706
8.142    Arista Networks    707
8.143    Arkessa (Wireless Logic Group)    708
8.144    Arm    709
8.145    Armour Communications    710
8.146    Arqit Quantum    711
8.147    ArrayComm (Chengdu ArrayComm Wireless Technologies)    712
8.148    Arrcus    713
8.149    Artemis Networks    714
8.150    Artiza Networks    715
8.151    Aruba (HPE – Hewlett Packard Enterprise)    716
8.152    Arukona    717
8.153    Asavie    718
8.154    ASELSAN    719
8.155    AsiaInfo Technologies    720
8.156    AsiaSat (Asia Satellite Telecommunications Company)    721
8.157    Askey Computer Corporation (ASUS – ASUSTeK Computer)    722
8.158    ASOCS    723
8.159    Aspire Technology (NEC Corporation)    724
8.160    ASR Microelectronics    725
8.161    AST SpaceMobile    726
8.162    ASTELLA (Astella Technologies)    727
8.163    ASTRI (Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute)    728
8.164    ASUS (ASUSTeK Computer)    729
8.165    Asylon    730
8.166    AT&T    731
8.167    Ataya    732
8.168    ATDI    733
8.169    ATEL (Asiatelco Technologies)    734
8.170    Atel Antennas    735
8.171    Atesio    736
8.172    Athonet (HPE – Hewlett Packard Enterprise)    737
8.173    ATL – A Test Lab (Eurofins E&E – Electrical and Electronics)    738
8.174    Atlas Telecom    739
8.175    AtlasEdge (Liberty Global/DigitalBridge Group)    740
8.176    ATN International    741
8.177    Atos    742
8.178    Atrinet    743
8.179    Attabotics    744
8.180    AttoCore    745
8.181    Auden Techno    746
8.182    Auray Technology (Auden Techno)    747
8.183    Avanti Communications    748
8.184    Avari Wireless    749
8.185    AVI    750
8.186    Aviat Networks    751
8.187    Avidyne Corporation    753
8.188    AVIWEST (Haivision)    754
8.189    AVM    755
8.190    AW2S – Advanced Wireless Solutions and Services (SERMA Group)    756
8.191    AWTG    757
8.192    AXESS Networks (HISPASAT)    758
8.193    Axians (VINCI Energies)    759
8.194    Axiata Group    760
8.195    Axione    761
8.196    Axis Communications    762
8.197    Axon    763
8.198    Axtel    764
8.199    Axxcelera Broadband Wireless (Axxcss Wireless Solutions)    765
8.200    Axxcss Wireless Solutions    766
8.201    Azcom Technology    767
8.202    Azetti Networks    768
8.203    B+B SmartWorx (Advantech)    769
8.204    BAE Systems    770
8.205    Baicells    771
8.206    Ball Aerospace    772
8.207    Ballast Networks    773
8.208    BandRich    774
8.209    BandwidthX    775
8.210    Barrett Communications (Motorola Solutions)    776
8.211    BATS Wireless (Broadband Antenna Tracking Systems)    777
8.212    BAYFU (Bayerische Funknetz)    778
8.213    Baylin Technologies    779
8.214    BBB (BB Backbone Corporation)    780
8.215    BBK Electronics    781
8.216    BCDVideo    782
8.217    Beam Semiconductor    783
8.218    Beamlink    784
8.219    BearCom    785
8.220    BEC Technologies (Billion Electric)    786
8.221    becon    787
8.222    Beeper Communications    788
8.223    Beijer Electronics Group    789
8.224    Belden    790
8.225    BelFone    791
8.226    Bell Canada    792
8.227    Bellantenna    793
8.228    Benetel    794
8.229    BesoVideo    795
8.230    Betacom    796
8.231    Bharti Airtel    797
8.232    BHE (Bonn Hungary Electronics)    798
8.233    BICS (Proximus)    799
8.234    BinnenBereik (NOVEC)    800
8.235    Bird Technologies    801
8.236    BISDN (Berlin Institute for Software Defined Networks)    802
8.237    Bittium    803
8.238    BK Technologies    804
8.239    Black & Veatch    805
8.240    Black Box    806
8.241    BlackBerry    807
8.242    Blackned    808
8.243    BLiNQ Networks (CCI – Communication Components Inc.)    809
8.244    Blu Wireless    810
8.245    Blue Arcus Technologies    811
8.246    Blue Wireless    812
8.247    Bluebird    813
8.248    Blueforce Development Corporation    814
8.249    BLUnet Schweiz (Axpo WZ-Systems)    815
8.250    Boeing/Aurora Flight Sciences    816
8.251    Boelink (Shanghai Boelink Communication Technology)    817
8.252    Boingo Wireless (DigitalBridge Group)    818
8.253    Boldyn Networks (Formerly BAI Communications)    819
8.254    Bombardier    820
8.255    Booz Allen Hamilton    821
8.256    Boston Dynamics    822
8.257    Bouygues Telecom    823
8.258    Boxchip    824
8.259    Branch Communications    825
8.260    BravoCom    826
8.261    Bredengen    827
8.262    Broadcom    828
8.263    BroadForward    829
8.264    Broadmobi – Shanghai Broadmobi Communication Technology (Wutong Group)    830
8.265    Broadpeak    831
8.266    Broadtech    832
8.267    BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited)    833
8.268    BT Group    834
8.269    BTI Wireless    835
8.270    BubbleRAN    836
8.271    Bullitt Mobile    837
8.272    Bumicom Telecommunicatie    838
8.273    Bureau Veritas/7Layers    839
8.274    BVSystems (Berkeley Varitronics Systems)    840
8.275    BWT (BlueWaveTel)    841
8.276    BYD    842
8.277    B-Yond    843
8.278    C Spire    844
8.279    C Squared Systems    845
8.280    C3Spectra    846
8.281    CableFree (Wireless Excellence)    847
8.282    CableLabs    848
8.283    CACI International/LGS Innovations    849
8.284    Cadence Design Systems    851
8.285    CalAmp    852
8.286    CalChip Connect    853
8.287    Caliber Public Safety    854
8.288    Calix    855
8.289    Calnex Solutions    856
8.290    Caltta Technologies    857
8.291    Cambium Networks    859
8.292    Cambridge Consultants (Capgemini Invent)    860
8.293    CampusGenius    861
8.294    Canoga Perkins    862
8.295    Canonical    863
8.296    Capgemini Engineering    864
8.297    CapX Nederland    865
8.298    Carbyne    866
8.299    Casa Systems (Axyom & NetComm Portfolio)    867
8.300    CASIC (China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation)    868
8.301    Casio Computer Company    869
8.302    Castor Marine    870
8.303    Catalyst Communications Technologies    871
8.304    Cavli Wireless    872
8.305    CBNG (Cambridge Broadband Networks Group)    873
8.306    CCI (Communication Components Inc.)    874
8.307    CCN (Cirrus Core Networks)    875
8.308    CCww (Communications Consultants Worldwide)    876
8.309    Cegeka    877
8.310    CeLa Link Corporation    878
8.311    Celfinet (Cyient)    879
8.312    CellAntenna Corporation    880
8.313    Cellcomm Solutions    881
8.314    Cellient    882
8.315    Celling 5G    883
8.316    CellMax Technologies (Rosenberger)    884
8.317    Cellnex Telecom    885
8.318    Cellwize (Qualcomm)    886
8.319    cellXica    887
8.320    cellXion    888
8.321    Celona    889
8.322    CelPlan Technologies    890
8.323    Centerline Communications    891
8.324    CENTRA Technology    892
8.325    CentralSquare Technologies    893
8.326    Ceragon Networks    894
8.327    Cerillion    895
8.328    CertusNet    896
8.329    CETC (China Electronics Technology Group Corporation)    897
8.330    CETIN Group    898
8.331    CEVA    899
8.332    CGI    900
8.333    Challenge Networks (Vocus)    901
8.334    Charter Communications    902
8.335    Cheerzing (Xiamen Cheerzing IoT Technology)    903
8.336    Chelton    904
8.337    Chemring Technology Solutions    905
8.338    Chengdu NTS    906
8.339    China All Access    907
8.340    China Mobile    908
8.341    China Satcom (China Satellite Communications)    909
8.342    China Telecom    910
8.343    China Unicom    911
8.344    Chunghwa Telecom    912
8.345    Cibicom    913
8.346    CICT – China Information and Communication Technology Group (China Xinke Group)    914
8.347    Ciena Corporation    915
8.348    CIG (Cambridge Industries Group)    916
8.349    CIO (Connected IO)    917
8.350    Cirpack    918
8.351    Cisco Systems    919
8.352    Citymesh (Cegeka/DIGI Communications)    920
8.353    CitySwitch    921
8.354    CKH IOD (CK Hutchison)    922
8.355    Clavister    923
8.356    Clever Logic    924
8.357    CloudMinds    925
8.358    CMIoT (China Mobile IoT)    926
8.359    Cobham    927
8.360    COCUS    928
8.361    Codan Communications    929
8.362    Codium Networks    930
8.363    Cogisys    931
8.364    Cognizant    932
8.365    Cohere Technologies    933
8.366    Coherent (Formerly II-VI)    934
8.367    Coherent Logix    935
8.368    Coiler Corporation    936
8.369    Collinear Networks (EOS – Electro Optic Systems)    937
8.370    Collins Aerospace (RTX Corporation)    938
8.371    Colt Technology Services    939
8.372    Com4 (Wireless Logic Group)    940
8.373    Comander (ANDRA)    941
8.374    Comarch    942
8.375    Comba Telecom    943
8.376    Combain Mobile    944
8.377    Comcast Corporation    945
8.378    Comcores    946
8.379    Comfone    947
8.380    COMLAB    948
8.381    CommAgility (E-Space)    949
8.382    CommandWear Systems    950
8.383    Commnet Wireless (ATN International)    951
8.384    Comms365    952
8.385    CommScope    953
8.386    Compal Electronics    954
8.387    Comprod    955
8.388    Comptek Technologies (Aero Wireless Group)    956
8.389    Comrod Communication Group    957
8.390    COMSovereign    958
8.391    Comtech Telecommunications Corporation    960
8.392    Comtest Wireless    961
8.393    Comtrend Corporation    962
8.394    Comviva (Tech Mahindra)    963
8.395    CONET Technologies    964
8.396    CONEXIO Corporation    965
8.397    CONGIV (ROBUR Industry Service Group)    966
8.398    Connect Tech    967
8.399    Connect44 Group    968
8.400    Connectivity Wireless Solutions (M/C Partners)    969
8.401    Consort Digital    970
8.402    Contela    971
8.403    Coolpad    972
8.404    CopaSAT    973
8.405    coreNOC    974
8.406    Cornerstone (CTIL)    975
8.407    Cornet Technology    976
8.408    Corning    977
8.409    Cortina Access    978
8.410    Cosemi Technologies    979
8.411    COSMOTE (OTE Group)    980
8.412    Council Rock    981
8.413    Coweaver    982
8.414    Cox Communications    983
8.415    Cradlepoint (Ericsson)    984
8.416    Creanord    985
8.417    CrisisGo    986
8.418    CROSSCALL    987
8.419    Crown Castle International Corporation    988
8.420    CRSC (China Railway Signal & Communication Corporation)/CASCO Signal    989
8.421    CS Corporation    990
8.422    CSG Systems International    991
8.423    CTG (Celestia Technologies Group)    992
8.424    CTL    993
8.425    CTS (Communication Technology Services)    994
8.426    CTS Corporation    995
8.427    Cubic Corporation    996
8.428    Cubic Telecom    997
8.429    Cumucore    998
8.430    Custom MMIC    999
8.431    CybertelBridge    1000
8.432    Cyient    1001
8.433    Cyrus Technology    1002
8.434    D2 Technologies    1003
8.435    DAEL Group    1004
8.436    Daeyoun System Company    1005
8.437    Dahua Technology    1006
8.438    Dali Wireless    1007
8.439    DAMM Cellular Systems    1008
8.440    DATACOM    1009
8.441    DataSoft    1010
8.442    DBcom    1011
8.443    dbSpectra    1012
8.444    DeepSig    1013
8.445    Dejero Labs    1014
8.446    DEKRA    1015
8.447    Dell Technologies    1016
8.448    Delta Electronics    1017
8.449    DENGYO (Nihon Dengyo Kosaku)    1018
8.450    Dense Air (SIP – Sidewalk Infrastructure Partners)    1019
8.451    Deutsche Funkturm    1020
8.452    DGS (Digital Global Systems)    1021
8.453    Dialogic    1022
8.454    Diamond Communications    1023
8.455    Digi International    1024
8.456    Digicert    1025
8.457    Digis Squared    1026
8.458    Digita (DigitalBridge Group)    1027
8.459    Digital Ally    1028
8.460    Digital Enhancement    1029
8.461    DigitalBridge Group    1030
8.462    DigitalRoute    1031
8.463    Digitata    1032
8.464    DigitGate (Nanjing DigitGate Communication Technology)    1033
8.465    Dimetor    1034
8.466    DISH Network Corporation    1035
8.467    DKK (Denki Kogyo)    1036
8.468    D-Link Corporation    1037
8.469    DMI    1038
8.470    Doodle Labs    1039
8.471    Doogee    1040
8.472    Doosan Corporation    1041
8.473    DragonWave-X (COMSovereign)    1042
8.474    Drakontas    1043
8.475    DriveNets    1044
8.476    Drone Aviation (COMSovereign)    1045
8.477    DroneSense    1046
8.478    Druid Software    1047
8.479    DSBJ (Suzhou Dongshan Precision Manufacturing)    1048
8.480    DT (Deutsche Telekom)    1049
8.481    DTAC (Total Access Communication)    1050
8.482    du (EITC – Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company)    1051
8.483    Duons    1052
8.484    Durabook (Twinhead International Corporation)    1053
8.485    Duubee    1054
8.486    DZS    1055
8.487    Eahison Communication    1056
8.488    EANTC    1057
8.489    Eastcom (Eastern Communications)    1058
8.490    Easycom (Shenzhen Easycom Electronics)    1059
8.491    E-Band Communications (Axxcss Wireless Solutions)    1060
8.492    e-BO Enterprises    1061
8.493    ECE (European Communications Engineering)    1062
8.494    EchoStar Corporation    1063
8.495    Ecom Instruments (Pepperl+Fuchs)    1064
8.496    Ecrio    1065
8.497    Edgecore Networks (Accton Technology Corporation)    1066
8.498    EdgeQ    1067
8.499    Edgybees    1068
8.500    edotco Group (Axiata Group)    1069
8.501    EDX Wireless    1070
8.502    Effnet    1071
8.503    Eigencomm    1072
8.504    eino    1073
8.505    EION Wireless    1074
8.506    Eir (Eircom)    1075
8.507    Ekinops    1076
8.508    Elbit Systems    1077
8.509    Elefante Group    1078
8.510    Element Materials Technology    1079
8.511    E-Lins Technology    1080
8.512    Elisa    1081
8.513    Elisa Polystar    1082
8.514    Elistair    1083
8.515    Elsight    1084
8.516    Elta Systems (IAI – Israel Aerospace Industries)    1085
8.517    Eltex    1086
8.518    ELUON Corporation    1087
8.519    ELVA-1    1088
8.520    Emblasoft    1089
8.521    Embraer    1090
8.522    Embratel    1091
8.523    Emerson    1092
8.524    EMnify    1093
8.525    EMS (Electronic Media Services)    1094
8.526    Encore Networks    1095
8.527    Endress+Hauser    1096
8.528    Enea    1097
8.529    ENENSYS Technologies    1098
8.530    Energizer Mobile (Avenir Telecom)    1099
8.531    EnerSys    1100
8.532    Entel (United Kingdom)    1101
8.533    Entropia    1102
8.534    Entropy Solution    1103
8.535    Eoptolink Technology    1104
8.536    Epiroc    1105
8.537    Equiendo    1106
8.538    Eravant (SAGE Millimeter)    1107
8.539    Ericsson    1108
8.540    Errigal    1110
8.541    ErvoCom    1111
8.542    Eseye    1112
8.543    Esharah Etisalat Security Solutions    1113
8.544    E-Space    1114
8.545    Estalky (K-Mobile Technology)    1115
8.546    ETELM    1116
8.547    eTera (Sinotech R&D Group)    1117
8.548    Ethernity Networks    1118
8.549    Etherstack    1119
8.550    Etisalat Group (e&)    1120
8.551    ETRI (Electronics & Telecommunications Research Institute, South Korea)    1121
8.552    Etteplan    1122
8.553    EUCAST    1123
8.554    Eurofins E&E (Electrical and Electronics)    1124
8.555    Eurotech    1125
8.556    Eutelsat Group    1126
8.557    Eventide Communications    1127
8.558    Evolve Cellular    1128
8.559    Exacom    1129
8.560    Exaware    1130
8.561    Excelerate Technology    1131
8.562    EXFO    1132
8.563    Exium    1133
8.564    Expandium    1134
8.565    Expeto    1135
8.566    Extenet (DigitalBridge Group)    1136
8.567    Extreme Networks    1137
8.568    EY (Ernst & Young)    1138
8.569    Eyecom Telecommunications Group    1139
8.570    EZcon Network    1140
8.571    F2G (Far-Together) Solutions    1141
8.572    F5    1142
8.573    Fairspectrum    1143
8.574    Fairwaves    1144
8.575    Faraday Technology Corporation    1145
8.576    Fastback Networks (COMSovereign)    1146
8.577    FCNT (Fujitsu Connected Technologies)-JEMS (Japan EM Solutions)    1147
8.578    Federal Engineering    1148
8.579    Federated Wireless    1149
8.580    Fenix Group (Nokia)    1150
8.581    Festo    1151
8.582    FET (Far EasTone Telecommunications)    1152
8.583    FIBERSTAMP    1153
8.584    Fibocom    1154
8.585    Fibrolan    1155
8.586    Filtronic    1156
8.587    Fingu (Wuhan Fingu Electronic Technology)    1157
8.588    Fiplex Communications (Honeywell International)    1158
8.589    Firecell    1159
8.590    Fivecomm    1160
8.591    Flash Networks    1161
8.592    Flash Private Mobile Networks    1162
8.593    Flectory    1163
8.594    Fleet Complete    1164
8.595    Flex    1165
8.596    Flex Logix Technologies    1166
8.597    Flightcell International    1167
8.598    FLIR Systems    1168
8.599    floLIVE    1169
8.600    Flymotion    1170
8.601    FMBE (FMB Engineering)    1171
8.602    Forsk    1172
8.603    Fortinet    1173
8.604    Fortress Solutions    1174
8.605    Four-Faith Communication Technology    1175
8.606    Foxconn (Hon Hai Technology Group)    1176
8.607    Franklin Wireless    1177
8.608    Fraunhofer FOKUS (Institute for Open Communication Systems)    1178
8.609    Fraunhofer HHI (Heinrich Hertz Institute)    1179
8.610    Fraunhofer IIS (Institute for Integrated Circuits)    1180
8.611    Fraunhofer IPT (Institute for Production Technology)    1181
8.612    FreedomFi    1182
8.613    Freeeway    1183
8.614    Frequentis    1184
8.615    Freshwave Group (DigitalBridge Group)    1185
8.616    Frog Cellsat    1186
8.617    FRTek    1187
8.618    FSG (Field Solutions Group)    1188
8.619    FTS – Formula Telecom Solutions (Magic Software Group)    1189
8.620    Fujikura    1190
8.621    Fujitsu    1191
8.622    Funk-Electronic Piciorgros    1192
8.623    Funkwerk    1193
8.624    Furukawa Electric    1194
8.625    Furuno Electric    1195
8.626    Future Technologies Venture    1196
8.627    G REIGNS (HTC Corporation)    1197
8.628    G+D (Giesecke+Devrient)    1198
8.629    G3 Global    1199
8.630    Galtronics (Baylin Technologies)    1200
8.631    Gamma Nu    1201
8.632    Gapwaves    1202
8.633    Garderos    1203
8.634    Gazprom Space Systems    1204
8.635    GCT Semiconductor    1205
8.636    GD (General Devices)    1206
8.637    GE (General Electric)    1207
8.638    Gemtek Technology    1208
8.639    General Dynamics    1209
8.640    Genesis Group    1210
8.641    GENEViSiO (QNAP Systems)    1211
8.642    Genew Technologies    1212
8.643    Genmix Technology    1213
8.644    Geotab    1214
8.645    GeoTraq    1215
8.646    Getac Technology Corporation    1216
8.647    Gewei (Wuhan Gewei Electronic Technology)    1217
8.648    GF (GlobalFoundries)    1218
8.649    GIGABYTE Technology    1219
8.650    Gigalane    1220
8.651    GIGALIGHT    1221
8.652    Gigamon    1222
8.653    GigaTera Communications (KMW)    1223
8.654    GigSky    1224
8.655    Gilat Satellite Networks    1225
8.656    GL Communications    1226
8.657    Global Telecom    1227
8.658    Globalgig    1228
8.659    Globalstar    1229
8.660    Globe Telecom    1231
8.661    Gogo Business Aviation    1232
8.662    Goodman Telecom Services    1233
8.663    Goodmill Systems    1234
8.664    Google (Alphabet)    1235
8.665    Goosetown Communications    1236
8.666    Gore (W. L. Gore & Associates)    1237
8.667    GosuncnWelink Technology (Gosuncn Group)    1238
8.668    Granite Telecommunications    1239
8.669    Grape One (Sumitomo Corporation)    1240
8.670    Green Communications    1241
8.671    Green Packet    1242
8.672    Greenet (Netherlands)    1243
8.673    GreenPalm (Hangzhou GreenPalm Technology)    1244
8.674    GrenTech    1245
8.675    GridGears    1246
8.676    Groundhog Technologies    1247
8.677    GroupTalk    1248
8.678    GS Lab (Great Software Laboratory)    1249
8.679    GSI (GS Instech)/GST (GS Teletech)    1250
8.680    Guavus (Thales)    1251
8.681    Guerrilla RF    1252
8.682    GXC (Formerly GenXComm)    1253
8.683    HAAS Alert    1254
8.684    Haier    1255
8.685    Haivision    1256
8.686    Halys    1257
8.687    Hancom MDS    1258
8.688    Handheld Group    1259
8.689    Handsfree Group    1260
8.690    Hansen Technologies    1261
8.691    Hanswell    1262
8.692    Hanwha Techwin    1263
8.693    HAPSMobile    1264
8.694    Harbor Max    1265
8.695    HARMAN DTS (Digital Transformation Solutions)    1266
8.696    HARTING    1267
8.697    Harvilon (Shenzhen Harvilon Technology)    1268
8.698    Hawk Networks (Althea)    1269
8.699    Haystax Technology (Fishtech Group/Cyderes)    1270
8.700    HBFEC (Hebei Far East Communication System Engineering)    1271
8.701    HCL Technologies    1272
8.702    Helios (Fujian Helios Technologies)    1273
8.703    Hengxin (Jiangsu Hengxin Technology)    1274
8.704    Henkel    1275
8.705    Herystorm (Guangzhou Herystorm Technology)    1276
8.706    Hexagon    1277
8.707    Hexagon Communication (Suzhou Hexagon Communication Technologies)    1278
8.708    HFCL    1279
8.709    HFR Networks    1280
8.710    HG Genuine (HGTECH – Huagong Technology)    1281
8.711    Highstreet Technologies    1282
8.712    Hikvision (Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology)    1283
8.713    Hilinks Technology    1284
8.714    HipLink Software    1285
8.715    Hisense    1286
8.716    HiSilicon Technologies (Huawei)    1287
8.717    HISPASAT    1288
8.718    Hitachi    1289
8.719    HKT (PCCW)    1290
8.720    HKTech (Howking Tech)    1291
8.721    HLS (HARD-LINE Solutions)    1292
8.722    HMD Global    1293
8.723    HMF Smart Solutions    1294
8.724    HMS Networks    1295
8.725    Hoimyung ICT    1296
8.726    Hologram    1297
8.727    Honeywell International    1298
8.728    Hongdian Corporation    1299
8.729    HONOR    1300
8.730    Horizon Powered    1301
8.731    Hoverfly Technologies    1302
8.732    HP    1303
8.733    HPE (Hewlett Packard Enterprise)    1304
8.734    HQT (Shenzhen HQT Science and Technology)    1305
8.735    HSC (Hughes Systique Corporation)    1306
8.736    HTC Corporation    1307
8.737    Huahuan (Beijing Huahuan Electronics)    1308
8.738    Huaptec    1309
8.739    Huawei    1310
8.740    HUBER+SUHNER    1312
8.741    HUCOM Wireless    1313
8.742    Hughes Network Systems (EchoStar Corporation)    1314
8.743    HXI (Renaissance Electronics & Communications)    1315
8.744    Hypha (Wireless Innovation)    1316
8.745    Hytec Inter    1317
8.746    Hytera Communications    1318
8.747    i.safe MOBILE    1320
8.748    i2i Systems    1321
8.749    iBASIS (Tofane Global)    1322
8.750    IBM    1323
8.751    IBO Technology Company    1324
8.752    iBwave Solutions    1325
8.753    iCana (Foxconn – Hon Hai Technology Group)    1326
8.754    Ice Norway (Lyse)    1327
8.755    Icom    1328
8.756    Iconec    1329
8.757    iConNext    1330
8.758    iDAQS    1331
8.759    IDEMIA    1332
8.760    IDY Corporation    1333
8.761    IFLY Electronics    1334
8.762    ifm    1335
8.763    IIJ (Internet Initiative Japan)    1336
8.764    IM Technology    1337
8.765    Imec    1338
8.766    IMPTT    1339
8.767    InCoax Networks    1340
8.768    Indra    1341
8.769    iNET (Infrastructure Networks)    1342
8.770    INEX Microtechnology    1343
8.771    Infineon Technologies    1344
8.772    Infinera    1345
8.773    InfiNet Wireless    1346
8.774    InfiniG    1347
8.775    Infinite Electronics    1348
8.776    Infomark Corporation    1349
8.777    Infosys    1350
8.778    Infovista    1351
8.779    InHand Networks    1352
8.780    Inmanta    1353
8.781    Inmarsat (Viasat)    1354
8.782    Innertron    1355
8.783    InnoGence Technology (TROY Information)    1356
8.784    InnoLight Technology    1357
8.785    Innonet    1358
8.786    Innovile    1359
8.787    InnoWireless    1360
8.788    Inrico Technologies    1361
8.789    Inseego Corporation    1362
8.790    Inspur    1363
8.791    Insta Group    1364
8.792    Instant Connect    1365
8.793    INSYS icom (INSYS Microelectronics)    1366
8.794    Intec E&C    1367
8.795    Intel Corporation    1368
8.796    Intelbras    1369
8.797    Intelliport Solutions    1370
8.798    Intelsat    1371
8.799    Intenna Systems    1372
8.800    InterDigital    1373
8.801    INTERLEV    1374
8.802    Interop Technologies    1375
8.803    InterTalk Critical Information Systems    1376
8.804    Intracom Telecom    1377
8.805    Intrado Corporation    1378
8.806    Intrepid Networks    1379
8.807    Inventec Corporation    1380
8.808    INWIT (Infrastrutture Wireless Italiane)    1381
8.809    IoT4Net    1382
8.810    IoTAS (IoT & Approval Solutions)    1383
8.811    IP Infusion (ACCESS CO.)    1384
8.812    IPAGEON    1385
8.813    IPITEK (Integrated Photonics Technology)    1386
8.814    IPLOOK Technologies    1387
8.815    iPosi    1388
8.816    Iradio Electronics    1389
8.817    Iridium Communications    1390
8.818    Irteya (Russia)    1391
8.819    ISCO International    1392
8.820    IS-Wireless    1393
8.821    Italtel    1394
8.822    ITCEN    1395
8.823    ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan)    1396
8.824    Itron    1397
8.825    IWT (Innovative Wireless Technologies)    1398
8.826    Jabil    1399
8.827    JACS Solutions    1400
8.828    JATONTEC (Jaton Technology)    1401
8.829    JCI (Japan Communications Inc.)    1402
8.830    JET Connectivity    1403
8.831    Jezetek (Sichuan Jiuzhou Electric Group)    1404
8.832    Jiaxun Feihong (Beijing Jiaxun Feihong Electrical)    1405
8.833    Jinan USR IoT Technology (Mokuai/Wenheng)    1406
8.834    JIT (JI Technology)    1407
8.835    JMA Wireless    1408
8.836    Johnson Controls    1409
8.837    JOUAV    1410
8.838    JPC Connectivity    1411
8.839    JPS Interoperability Solutions    1412
8.840    JQL Technologies    1413
8.841    JRC (Japan Radio Company)    1414
8.842    JSC Ingenium    1416
8.843    JT IoT    1417
8.844    Juniper Networks (HPE – Hewlett Packard Enterprise)    1418
8.845    Junkosha    1419
8.846    Juvare    1420
8.847    JVCKENWOOD Corporation    1421
8.848    Kacific Broadband Satellites    1422
8.849    Kaelus    1423
8.850    Kaifa (Shenzen Kaifa Technology)    1424
8.851    Kajeet    1425
8.852    Kalmar (Cargotec)    1426
8.853    Kaloom    1427
8.854    Kalray    1428
8.855    Katela Networks    1429
8.856    KATIM    1430
8.857    KBR    1431
8.858    KBT (Kenbotong Technology)    1432
8.859    KDDI Corporation    1433
8.860    Key Bridge Wireless    1434
8.861    Keysight Technologies    1435
8.862    Khomp    1436
8.863    Kiana Analytics    1437
8.864    Kigen    1438
8.865    Kindroid – Shanghai Jinzhuo Technology (Kyland Technology)    1439
8.866    Kirisun Communications    1440
8.867    Kisan Telecom    1441
8.868    KLA Laboratories    1442
8.869    Klas Telecom    1443
8.870    Klein Electronics    1444
8.871    Kleos    1445
8.872    KMW    1446
8.873    Knightscope    1447
8.874    Kolibri Systems    1448
8.875    Komatsu    1449
8.876    Konecranes    1450
8.877    Kontron    1451
8.878    KORE Wireless    1452
8.879    KPN    1453
8.880    KT Corporation    1454
8.881    Kudelski Group    1455
8.882    KUKA    1456
8.883    Kumu Networks    1457
8.884    K-Won/Hunter Technology    1458
8.885    Kyland Technology    1459
8.886    Kymeta Corporation    1460
8.887    Kyndryl    1461
8.888    Kyocera Corporation    1462
8.889    Kyrio (CableLabs)    1463
8.890    KZ TECH (KZ Broadband Technologies)    1464
8.891    L3Harris Technologies    1465
8.892    Laird Connectivity    1466
8.893    Landis+Gyr    1467
8.894    Landmark Dividend (DigitalBridge Group)    1468
8.895    Lanner Electronics    1469
8.896    Lantronix    1470
8.897    Lattice Semiconductor    1471
8.898    LCR Embedded Systems    1472
8.899    Leenos Corporation    1473
8.900    Leidos    1474
8.901    Lekha Wireless Solutions    1475
8.902    Lemko Corporation    1476
8.903    Lenovo    1477
8.904    Leonardo    1478
8.905    Lextrum (COMSovereign)    1479
8.906    LG Corporation    1480
8.907    LG Uplus    1481
8.908    Liberty Global    1482
8.909    Lierda Science & Technology Group    1483
8.910    Lifecycle Software    1484
8.911    Ligado Networks    1485
8.912    Lightron    1486
8.913    Lime Microsystems    1487
8.914    Lindsay Broadband    1488
8.915    Linkem    1489
8.916    Linksys    1490
8.917    Linx Technologies    1491
8.918    LIONS Technology    1492
8.919    LIS (Laboratory of Infocommunication Networks)    1493
8.920    Lisheng Fujian Communications    1494
8.921    LITE-ON Technology Corporation    1495
8.922    LitePoint (Teradyne)    1496
8.923    LiveU    1497
8.924    Lociva    1498
8.925    Lockheed Martin Corporation    1499
8.926    Logicalis (Datatec)    1500
8.927    LogicTree IT Solutions    1501
8.928    Longsung Technology (Sunsea AIoT Technology)    1502
8.929    Lookout    1503
8.930    LS Mtron    1504
8.931    LS telcom    1505
8.932    LTTS (L&T Technology Services)    1506
8.933    Luceor    1507
8.934    Lumen Technologies    1508
8.935    Lumentum    1509
8.936    Lumineye    1510
8.937    LuxCarta    1511
8.938    Luxoft (DXC Technology)    1512
8.939    Lyfo    1513
8.940    Lynk Global    1514
8.941    M1    1515
8.942    m3connect    1516
8.943    M4PS (Mobility 4 Public Safety)    1517
8.944    MACOM    1518
8.945    Magnaquest Technologies    1519
8.946    Maipu Communication Technology    1520
8.947    Maja Systems    1521
8.948    MantisNet    1522
8.949    MarchNet    1523
8.950    Marlink    1524
8.951    Marquistech    1525
8.952    Martin UAV    1526
8.953    Marubeni Corporation    1527
8.954    Marubun Corporation    1528
8.955    Marvell Technology    1529
8.956    MÁSMÓVIL    1530
8.957    Mathworks    1531
8.958    Matrix Electrónica/Webdyn (Flexitron Group)    1532
8.959    MATRIXX Software    1533
8.960    MatSing    1534
8.961    Maven Wireless    1535
8.962    Mavenir    1536
8.963    Maxar Technologies    1538
8.964    MaxComm    1539
8.965    Maxis    1540
8.966    MaxLinear    1541
8.967    MC Technologies    1542
8.968    MCLabs    1543
8.969    MCP (Mission Critical Partners)    1544
8.970    MCS Benelux    1545
8.971    MD (MICRODRIVE)    1546
8.972    Mdex (Wireless Logic Group)    1547
8.973    MEASAT Satellite Systems    1548
8.974    MECSware    1549
8.975    Media Broadcast (freenet Group)    1550
8.976    MediaTek    1551
8.977    Meeami Technologies    1552
8.978    MegaChips Corporation    1553
8.979    MegaFon    1554
8.980    Meglab (Epiroc)    1555
8.981    MeiG Smart Technology    1556
8.982    Meizu    1557
8.983    Mentura Group    1558
8.984    MER Group    1559
8.985    Meta    1560
8.986    Metanoia Communications    1561
8.987    Metaswitch Networks (Microsoft Corporation)    1562
8.988    Metawave Corporation    1563
8.989    Metismake    1564
8.990    MetTel    1565
8.991    MHD (Muhan Digital)    1566
8.992    MIC Nordic    1567
8.993    MICAS-RF (MICAS Shenzhen Telecommunication)    1568
8.994    MiCOM Labs    1569
8.995    Micran    1570
8.996    Microamp Solutions    1571
8.997    Microchip Technology    1572
8.998    Microlab (RF Industries)    1573
8.999    MicroNova    1574
8.1000    Microsoft Corporation    1575
8.1001    Microwave Networks    1576
8.1002    MikroTik    1577
8.1003    Mikwave (Guangdong Mikwave Communication Tech)    1578
8.1004    Milesight    1579
8.1005    Milestone Systems    1580
8.1006    Miliwave    1581
8.1007    MiMOMax (Ubiik)    1582
8.1008    MIPS    1583
8.1009    MiTAC Computing Technology Corporation    1584
8.1010    MitraStar Technology (Unizyx Holding Corporation)    1585
8.1011    MITRE Corporation    1586
8.1012    Mitsubishi Electric Corporation    1587
8.1013    MKI (Mitsui Knowledge Industry)    1588
8.1014    MOBI (Mobi Antenna Technologies)    1589
8.1015    Mobil Group (Russia)    1590
8.1016    Mobile Inform Group    1591
8.1017    Mobile Mark    1592
8.1018    Mobile Tornado    1593
8.1019    Mobile Viewpoint    1594
8.1020    MobileComm Professionals (UST)    1595
8.1021    MobileDemand    1596
8.1022    MobileIron    1597
8.1023    MobileTek (Shanghai Mobiletek Communication)    1598
8.1024    Mobileum    1599
8.1025    Mobilicom    1600
8.1026    Mobiveil    1601
8.1027    Modular Mining Systems (Komatsu)    1602
8.1028    Molex    1603
8.1029    Monogoto    1604
8.1030    Morningcore Technology (CICT – China Information and Communication Technology Group)    1605
8.1031    Morningstar Corporation    1606
8.1032    Moseley Associates (Axxcss Wireless Solutions)    1607
8.1033    MosoLabs (Sercomm Corporation)    1608
8.1034    Motive Infrastructure Solutions    1609
8.1035    Motorola Mobility (Lenovo)    1610
8.1036    Motorola Solutions    1611
8.1037    Mott MacDonald    1612
8.1038    Movandi    1613
8.1039    Moxa    1614
8.1040    MP Antenna    1615
8.1041    MRK Media    1616
8.1042    MRT Technology (Suzhou)    1617
8.1043    MSB (M S Benbow & Associates)    1618
8.1044    MST Global – Mine Site Technologies (Komatsu)    1619
8.1045    MTI (Microelectronics Technology Inc.)    1620
8.1046    MTI Wireless Edge    1621
8.1047    MTN Group    1622
8.1048    MTS (Mobile TeleSystems)    1623
8.1049    MUGLER    1624
8.1050    MultiTech (Multi-Tech Systems)    1625
8.1051    Murata Manufacturing    1626
8.1052    Mushroom Networks    1627
8.1053    Mutualink    1628
8.1054    MVI Group    1629
8.1055    MW (Matrix Wave)    1630
8.1056    MYCOM OSI    1631
8.1057    Mynaric    1632
8.1058    MYT Electronics    1633
8.1059    N.A.T.    1634
8.1060    Nable Communications    1635
8.1061    NanoSemi (MaxLinear)    1636
8.1062    Napatech    1637
8.1063    Nash Technologies    1638
8.1064    Nearby Computing    1639
8.1065    NEC Corporation    1640
8.1066    Nemergent Solutions    1642
8.1067    Nemko    1643
8.1068    Neolink Communications Technology    1644
8.1069    NeoPlane    1645
8.1070    Neoway Technology    1646
8.1071    Neptune Communications    1647
8.1072    Neragon Networks    1648
8.1073    Net AI    1649
8.1074    Netas    1650
8.1075    NETBEE (NET-Automation)    1651
8.1076    NetCity (GEOS Telecom/GEOS Holding)    1652
8.1077    Netcracker Technology (NEC Corporation)    1653
8.1078    NetFoundry    1654
8.1079    Netgear    1655
8.1080    NetModule (Belden)    1656
8.1081    Netmore Group    1657
8.1082    NETSCOUT Systems    1658
8.1083    Netsia (Argela)    1659
8.1084    Netvision Telecom    1660
8.1085    Neutral Wireless    1661
8.1086    Neutroon Technologies    1662
8.1087    New H3C Technologies (Tsinghua Unigroup)    1663
8.1088    New Postcom Equipment    1664
8.1089    NewEdge Signal Solutions    1665
8.1090    NEXCOM International    1666
8.1091    Nexign    1667
8.1092    Nexpring    1668
8.1093    NextEPC Korea (COONTEC)    1669
8.1094    Nextivity    1670
8.1095    NextNav    1671
8.1096    NextWave    1672
8.1097    Nextworks    1673
8.1098    ng4T    1674
8.1099    NGK Group (NGK Insulators)    1675
8.1100    ng-voice    1676
8.1101    NI (National Instruments)    1677
8.1102    NICE    1678
8.1103    NimbeLink    1679
8.1104    Niral Networks    1680
8.1105    Nitto Denko Corporation    1681
8.1106    NKG (New Kinpo Group)    1682
8.1107    Node-H    1683
8.1108    Nokia    1684
8.1109    Nomad Digital (Alstom)    1686
8.1110    Nordic Semiconductor    1687
8.1111    Northrop Grumman Corporation    1688
8.1112    NOTION Information Technology    1689
8.1113    Nova Labs (Helium)    1690
8.1114    NOVEC    1691
8.1115    NOVELSAT    1692
8.1116    NRB (Network Research Belgium)    1693
8.1117    NS Solutions Corporation    1694
8.1118    Nsight    1695
8.1119    NT (National Telecom)    1696
8.1120    NTC Corporation (Japan)    1697
8.1121    NTMore (Network Technology More)    1698
8.1122    NTT DoCoMo    1699
8.1123    NTT Group    1700
8.1124    Nubia Technology (ZTE)    1701
8.1125    NuRAN Wireless    1702
8.1126    Nurlink Technology    1703
8.1127    NVIDIA Corporation    1704
8.1128    NXP Semiconductors    1705
8.1129    Oasis Smart SIM    1706
8.1130    Obvios    1707
8.1131    Ocado Technology    1708
8.1132    Oceus Networks    1709
8.1133    Octasic    1710
8.1134    O-Cubes    1711
8.1135    ODN (Orbital Data Network)    1712
8.1136    OE Solutions    1713
8.1137    OFS Fitel (Furukawa Electric)    1714
8.1138    OKI Electric Industry    1715
8.1139    Omnispace    1716
8.1140    Omnitele    1717
8.1141    Omnitron Systems    1718
8.1142    Omnitronics    1719
8.1143    One2many (Everbridge)    1720
8.1144    OneLayer    1721
8.1145    OnePlus (BBK Electronics)    1722
8.1146    OneSimCard    1723
8.1147    OneWeb (Eutelsat Group)    1724
8.1148    Onomondo    1725
8.1149    Ontix    1726
8.1150    Onwave    1727
8.1151    Ooredoo    1728
8.1152    Opanga Networks    1729
8.1153    Open Valley    1730
8.1154    Opencode Systems    1731
8.1155    Openet (Amdocs)    1732
8.1156    OPPO (BBK Electronics)    1733
8.1157    O'Prueba Technology    1734
8.1158    OPTAGE    1735
8.1159    OptConnect    1736
8.1160    Optical Zonu Corporation    1737
8.1161    Opticoms    1738
8.1162    Option    1739
8.1163    Optiva    1740
8.1164    OQ Technology    1741
8.1165    Oracle Communications    1742
8.1166    Orange    1743
8.1167    ORBCOMM    1744
8.1168    Ori Industries    1745
8.1169    Orion Labs    1746
8.1170    Oscilloquartz (Adtran)    1747
8.1171    OV (Manx Telecom)    1748
8.1172    OVHcloud    1749
8.1173    P.I. Works    1750
8.1174    PacStar (Pacific Star Communications)    1751
8.1175    Padtec    1752
8.1176    Palo Alto Networks    1753
8.1177    Panasonic Connect    1754
8.1178    Panda Electronics    1755
8.1179    PanOptis    1756
8.1180    Panorama Antennas    1757
8.1181    Parallel Wireless    1758
8.1182    Parsec Technologies    1759
8.1183    Particle    1760
8.1184    PAStech    1761
8.1185    Patrocinium Systems    1762
8.1186    Patton    1763
8.1187    Pavlov Media    1764
8.1188    PBE Axell (Formerly Axell Wireless)    1765
8.1189    PCS Technologies    1766
8.1190    PCTEL (Amphenol Corporation)    1767
8.1191    PCTEST Lab (PCTEST Engineering Laboratory)    1768
8.1192    Peatalk Corporation    1769
8.1193    Pegatron Corporation    1770
8.1194    Pei Tel Communications    1771
8.1195    Pelion    1772
8.1196    Penguin Solutions (SGH – SMART Global Holdings)    1773
8.1197    Pente Networks    1774
8.1198    Pentonet    1775
8.1199    Peplink (Plover Bay Technologies)    1776
8.1200    Pepperl+Fuchs    1777
8.1201    Pepro    1778
8.1202    Peraso    1779
8.1203    Peraton Labs    1780
8.1204    Percepto    1781
8.1205    Perle Systems    1782
8.1206    PGE Systemy (PGE – Polish Energy Group)    1783
8.1207    Pharrowtech    1784
8.1208    Phirst Technologies/xCraft Enterprises    1785
8.1209    Phluido    1786
8.1210    Phoenix Contact    1787
8.1211    Phytium Technology (Tianjin Phytium Information Technology)    1788
8.1212    PHYTunes    1789
8.1213    Picocom    1790
8.1214    Pierson Wireless    1791
8.1215    Pivot Technology Services    1792
8.1216    Pivotal Commware    1793
8.1217    Pivotel Group    1794
8.1218    Pivotone    1795
8.1219    Pixavi (BARTEC)    1796
8.1220    Platform9    1797
8.1221    Pletronics    1798
8.1222    Plextek    1799
8.1223    Plintron    1800
8.1224    Plus (Polkomtel)    1801
8.1225    POCSTARS    1802
8.1226    Pod Group (G+D – Giesecke+Devrient)    1803
8.1227    Polaris Networks (Motorola Solutions)    1804
8.1228    Polaris Wireless    1805
8.1229    Pollen Mobile    1806
8.1230    Positron Access Solutions    1807
8.1231    Potevio (CETC – China Electronics Technology Group Corporation)    1808
8.1232    PPC (Power Plus Communications)    1809
8.1233    PPC Broadband (Belden)    1810
8.1234    Precision OT (Optical Transceivers)    1811
8.1235    PRESCOM    1812
8.1236    PrioCom    1813
8.1237    Proef    1814
8.1238    Proptivity    1815
8.1239    Proscend Communications    1816
8.1240    PROSE Technologies    1817
8.1241    PROTEI    1818
8.1242    Proxim Wireless Corporation (SRA Holdings)    1819
8.1243    Proximus    1820
8.1244    Pryme Radio Products    1821
8.1245    pSemi Corporation (Murata Manufacturing)    1822
8.1246    PT INTI (PT Industri Telekomunikasi Indonesia)    1823
8.1247    PT LEN Industri    1824
8.1248    PTC    1825
8.1249    Publicis Sapient    1826
8.1250    Puloli    1827
8.1251    Pulsara    1828
8.1252    Pulse Electronics (YAGEO Corporation)    1829
8.1253    PureSoftware    1830
8.1254    Pycom    1831
8.1255    PySENSE    1832
8.1256    QCT (Quanta Cloud Technology)    1833
8.1257    QinetiQ    1834
8.1258    Qorvo    1835
8.1259    QuadGen Wireless Solutions    1836
8.1260    Qualcomm    1837
8.1261    Quanta Computer    1838
8.1262    Quantum Wireless    1839
8.1263    Qucell Networks (InnoWireless)    1840
8.1264    Quectel Wireless Solutions    1841
8.1265    Quintel (Cirtek Holdings Philippines Corporation)    1842
8.1266    Qulsar (VIAVI Solutions)    1843
8.1267    Qwake Technologies    1844
8.1268    Qwilt    1845
8.1269    R Systems (Computaris International)    1846
8.1270    R3 Solutions    1847
8.1271    RACOM (Czech Republic)    1848
8.1272    RACOM Corporation    1849
8.1273    RAD    1850
8.1274    RADCOM    1851
8.1275    Radiall    1852
8.1276    Radio Gigabit    1853
8.1277    Radio IP Software    1854
8.1278    RadioMobile    1855
8.1279    Radisys (Reliance Industries)    1856
8.1280    RADTONICS    1857
8.1281    Radware    1858
8.1282    RADWIN    1859
8.1283    Rafael Advanced Defense Systems    1860
8.1284    Raisecom    1861
8.1285    Rajant Corporation    1862
8.1286    Rakon    1863
8.1287    Rakuten Symphony    1864
8.1288    RAKwireless    1865
8.1289    Range Networks (AMN – Africa Mobile Networks)    1866
8.1290    Ranger Systems    1867
8.1291    Ranplan Wireless    1868
8.1292    Rapid.Space (Nexedi)    1869
8.1293    RapidDeploy    1870
8.1294    RapidSOS    1871
8.1295    Rapidtek Technologies    1872
8.1296    Rave Mobile Safety    1873
8.1297    Raycap    1874
8.1298    RCS Telecommunications    1875
8.1299    RCT (Remote Control Technologies)    1876
8.1300    Ready Wireless    1877
8.1301    Realme (BBK Electronics)    1878
8.1302    Red Hat (IBM)    1879
8.1303    Red Lion Controls (Spectris)    1880
8.1304    RED Technologies    1881
8.1305    RedZinc    1882
8.1306    Reliance Jio Infocomm (Jio Platforms)    1883
8.1307    REMEC Broadband Wireless Networks (Bridgewave Communications/SAGE SatCom)    1884
8.1308    Renesas Electronics Corporation    1885
8.1309    REPLY    1886
8.1310    Rescue 42    1887
8.1311    Responder Corp    1888
8.1312    RF Connect    1889
8.1313    RF DSP    1890
8.1314    RF Industries    1891
8.1315    RF MORECOM    1892
8.1316    RF Window    1893
8.1317    RF-Comm    1894
8.1318    RFHIC Corporation    1895
8.1319    RFI Technology Solutions (Tait Communications)    1896
8.1320    RFS (Radio Frequency Systems)    1897
8.1321    RFTech    1898
8.1322    Ribbon Communications    1899
8.1323    Ricon Mobile    1900
8.1324    RigNet (Viasat Energy Services)    1901
8.1325    RIMEDO Labs    1902
8.1326    Rivada Networks    1903
8.1327    Rivada Space Networks    1904
8.1328    RKTPL (RK Telesystem Private Limited)    1905
8.1329    Robert Bosch    1906
8.1330    Robin.io (Rakuten Symphony)    1907
8.1331    Robustel    1908
8.1332    Rogers Communications    1909
8.1333    Rogers Corporation    1910
8.1334    Rohde & Schwarz    1911
8.1335    Rohill    1912
8.1336    Rolling Wireless (Fibocom)    1913
8.1337    Rolloos (FMJ Group)    1914
8.1338    Rosenberger    1915
8.1339    Royole Corporation    1916
8.1340    RSCC (Russian Satellite Communications Company)    1917
8.1341    RSConnect    1918
8.1342    RTX A/S    1919
8.1343    RTX Corporation (Formerly Raytheon Technologies)    1920
8.1344    RTx Technology    1921
8.1345    RugGear    1922
8.1346    RuggON Corporation    1923
8.1347    Ruijie Networks    1924
8.1348    RunEL    1925
8.1349    Rushmere Technology    1926
8.1350    S&T Iskratel (Kontron)    1927
8.1351    Saab    1928
8.1352    Saankhya Labs (Tejas Networks)    1929
8.1353    SABIC    1930
8.1354    SAC Wireless (Nokia)    1931
8.1355    SAE IT-Systems (LACROIX Group)    1932
8.1356    SAF Tehnika    1933
8.1357    Safe-Com Wireless    1934
8.1358    SafeMobile    1935
8.1359    Safran    1936
8.1360    Sagemcom    1937
8.1361    SageRAN (Guangzhou SageRAN Technology)    1938
8.1362    Saguna Networks (COMSovereign)    1939
8.1363    SAI Technology    1940
8.1364    SAIC (Science Applications International Corporation)    1941
8.1365    Samji Electronics    1942
8.1366    Samsung    1943
8.1367    SAMWON FA    1945
8.1368    Samyoung Celetra    1946
8.1369    Sandvik    1947
8.1370    Sandvine    1948
8.1371    Sanechips Technology (ZTE)    1949
8.1372    Sanjole    1950
8.1373    San-tron    1951
8.1374    Sanxing (Ningbo Sanxing Smart Electric)    1952
8.1375    Sasken Technologies    1953
8.1376    SaskTel    1954
8.1377    Sateliot    1955
8.1378    SatixFy    1956
8.1379    Saviah Technologies    1957
8.1380    Savox Communications    1958
8.1381    SBA Communications    1959
8.1382    Sceye    1960
8.1383    Schneider Electric    1961
8.1384    SEA – Systems Engineering & Assessment (Cohort)    1962
8.1385    Seamless Waves    1963
8.1386    Sectra Communications    1964
8.1387    Secured Communications    1965
8.1388    SecureG    1966
8.1389    Select Spectrum    1967
8.1390    SEMPRE (Secure EMP-Resilient Edge)    1968
8.1391    Semtech Corporation    1969
8.1392    Senko Advanced Components    1970
8.1393    Sensorview    1971
8.1394    Senstar Corporation    1972
8.1395    Sensus (Xylem)    1973
8.1396    Sentient Energy (Koch Engineered Solutions)    1974
8.1397    Sentinel Camera Systems    1975
8.1398    Seong Ji Industrial    1976
8.1399    SEONTECH    1977
8.1400    Seowon Intech    1978
8.1401    Sepura    1979
8.1402    Sequans Communications    1980
8.1403    Sercomm Corporation    1981
8.1404    SES    1982
8.1405    SETUP Protokolltester    1983
8.1406    SGS    1984
8.1407    Shannon Wireless (Zhejiang Shannon Communication Technology)    1985
8.1408    Shared Access    1986
8.1409    Sharp Corporation (Foxconn – Hon Hai Technology Group)    1987
8.1410    Shenglu (Guangdong Shenglu Telecommunication)    1988
8.1411    Shenzhen CXD Science & Technology    1989
8.1412    Shenzhen Recoda Technologies    1990
8.1413    SIAE Microelettronica    1991
8.1414    SICK    1992
8.1415    Siemens    1993
8.1416    Sierra Wireless (Semtech Corporation)    1994
8.1417    Sigma Wireless    1995
8.1418    Signal Information & Communication Corporation    1996
8.1419    Signalchip    1997
8.1420    Signalwing    1998
8.1421    Silicom Connectivity Solutions    1999
8.1422    Silicom SAS (France)    2000
8.1423    SIMCom Wireless Solutions (Sunsea AIoT Technology)    2001
8.1424    Simnovus    2002
8.1425    Simoco Wireless Solutions    2003
8.1426    Sinclair Technologies (Norsat International/Hytera Communications)    2004
8.1427    Singtel    2005
8.1428    Sinnwell (audius)    2006
8.1429    SIRADEL    2007
8.1430    SITA    2008
8.1431    siticom (Logicalis)    2009
8.1432    SiTime Corporation    2010
8.1433    SITRONICS (Sistema)    2011
8.1434    Sivers Semiconductors    2012
8.1435    Siyata Mobile    2013
8.1436    SK Telecom    2014
8.1437    SK Telesys    2015
8.1438    Skoltech (Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology)    2016
8.1439    SKY Perfect JSAT    2017
8.1440    SkyFive    2018
8.1441    Skylark Wireless    2019
8.1442    Skylo Technologies    2020
8.1443    Skytic Telecom    2021
8.1444    Skyvera (TelcoDR)    2022
8.1445    Skyworks Solutions    2023
8.1446    SLA Corporation    2024
8.1447    SM Optics (SIAE Microelettronica)    2025
8.1448    Smart Communications (PLDT)    2026
8.1449    Smart Mobile Labs    2027
8.1450    Smartfren    2028
8.1451    SmarTone    2029
8.1452    SmartSky Networks    2030
8.1453    SMAWave (Shanghai SMAWave Technology)    2031
8.1454    Socionext    2032
8.1455    SoftBank Group    2033
8.1456    Softil    2034
8.1457    Soitec    2035
8.1458    Solectek Corporation/Cielo Networks    2036
8.1459    SOLiD    2037
8.1460    Solidtronic    2038
8.1461    Soliton Systems    2039
8.1462    Sonim Technologies    2040
8.1463    Sony Group Corporation    2041
8.1464    Sooktha    2042
8.1465    Soracom    2043
8.1466    Source Photonics    2044
8.1467    Southern Linc    2045
8.1468    Space Data Corporation    2046
8.1469    SpaceBridge    2047
8.1470    Spacecom    2048
8.1471    SpaceX    2049
8.1472    Spark New Zealand    2050
8.1473    Spectra Group    2051
8.1474    SpectraRep    2052
8.1475    Spectre (Rostec)    2053
8.1476    Spectronite    2054
8.1477    Spectronn    2055
8.1478    Spectrum Effect    2056
8.1479    Speedcast    2057
8.1480    Spideradio (Suzhou Spideradio Telecommunication Technology)    2058
8.1481    SPIE Group    2059
8.1482    Spirent Communications    2060
8.1483    SPIRIT DSP    2061
8.1484    SPL (Stratospheric Platforms Limited)    2062
8.1485    Sporton International    2063
8.1486    SQUAN    2064
8.1487    Squire Technologies    2065
8.1488    SRS (Software Radio Systems)    2066
8.1489    SRTechnology    2067
8.1490    SSC (Shared Spectrum Company)    2068
8.1491    SSS Public Safety    2069
8.1492    ST (STMicroelectronics)    2070
8.1493    ST Engineering iDirect    2071
8.1494    Star Microwave    2072
8.1495    Star Solutions    2073
8.1496    StarHub    2074
8.1497    StarPoint (Beijing StarPoint Technology)    2075
8.1498    STC (Saudi Telecom Company)    2076
8.1499    Steep    2077
8.1500    STEP CG    2078
8.1501    STL (Sterlite Technologies Ltd.)    2079
8.1502    Stop Noise    2080
8.1503    sTraffic    2081
8.1504    Strata Worldwide    2082
8.1505    Streambox    2083
8.1506    Streamwide    2084
8.1507    Subex    2085
8.1508    Sumitomo Electric Industries    2086
8.1509    Summa Networks    2087
8.1510    Summit Tech    2088
8.1511    Sunsea AIoT Technology    2089
8.1512    Sunwave Communications    2090
8.1513    Supermicro (Super Micro Computer)    2091
8.1514    SureSite Consulting Group    2092
8.1515    SUSE    2093
8.1516    Swisscom    2094
8.1517    Swissphone    2095
8.1518    Sylincom (Beijing Sylincom Technology)    2096
8.1519    Synctechno    2097
8.1520    Syniverse    2098
8.1521    SYRTEM    2099
8.1522    Systech Corporation    2100
8.1523    System Innovation Group    2101
8.1524    Systemics-PAB    2102
8.1525    T&W (Shenzhen Gongjin Electronics)    2103
8.1526    T2M    2104
8.1527    TacSat Networks    2105
8.1528    Tait Communications    2106
8.1529    Taiwan Mobile    2107
8.1530    TAIYO YUDEN    2108
8.1531    Talia Communications (Commercis)    2109
8.1532    Talk-IP International    2110
8.1533    Talkpod Technology    2111
8.1534    Tambora Systems    2112
8.1535    Tampa Microwave (Thales)    2113
8.1536    Tampnet    2114
8.1537    Tango Networks    2115
8.1538    Tango Tango    2116
8.1539    Taoglas    2117
8.1540    Tarana Wireless    2118
8.1541    TASSTA    2119
8.1542    Tata Elxsi    2120
8.1543    Tatfook (Shenzhen Tatfook Technology)    2121
8.1544    TCL Communication    2122
8.1545    TCOM    2123
8.1546    TCS (Tata Consultancy Services)    2124
8.1547    TD Tech    2125
8.1548    TDC NET    2126
8.1549    TDCOMM    2127
8.1550    TE Connectivity    2128
8.1551    Teal Communications    2129
8.1552    Tech Mahindra    2130
8.1553    Techbros    2131
8.1554    Tecom    2132
8.1555    Tecore Networks    2133
8.1556    Tejas Networks    2134
8.1557    TEKTELIC Communications    2135
8.1558    Telco Systems (BATM Advanced Communications)    2136
8.1559    Telcoware    2137
8.1560    Teldat    2138
8.1561    Tele2    2139
8.1562    Tele2 Russia (Rostelecom)    2140
8.1563    Telecom26    2141
8.1564    Teleena (Tata Communications MOVE)    2142
8.1565    Telefield    2143
8.1566    Telefónica Group    2144
8.1567    Telekom Slovenije    2145
8.1568    Telenor Group    2146
8.1569    Telent    2147
8.1570    Telesat    2148
8.1571    Telespazio (Leonardo/Thales)    2149
8.1572    Teleste    2150
8.1573    teleSys Software    2151
8.1574    Telet Research    2152
8.1575    Televate    2153
8.1576    Telewave    2154
8.1577    TeleWorld Solutions (Samsung)    2155
8.1578    Telia Company    2156
8.1579    Telit Cinterion    2157
8.1580    Telkomsel    2158
8.1581    Tellabs    2159
8.1582    Tellion    2160
8.1583    Telna    2161
8.1584    TELNET Redes Inteligentes    2162
8.1585    TELOX (Telo Systems)    2163
8.1586    Telrad Networks    2164
8.1587    Telsasoft    2165
8.1588    Telstra    2166
8.1589    Teltonika    2167
8.1590    Teltronic (Hytera Communications)    2168
8.1591    Telus    2169
8.1592    TEOCO    2170
8.1593    Teracom    2171
8.1594    Teradek    2172
8.1595    TeraGo    2173
8.1596    Tera-Pass    2174
8.1597    Tessares    2175
8.1598    TESSCO Technologies/Ventev    2176
8.1599    Thaicom    2177
8.1600    Thales    2178
8.1601    ThinkRF    2179
8.1602    Three Group Solutions (CK Hutchison)    2180
8.1603    Thundercomm    2181
8.1604    TI (Texas Instruments)    2182
8.1605    Tianyi (Sichuan Tianyi Comheart Telecom)    2183
8.1606    Tibco Telecoms    2184
8.1607    TietoEVRY    2185
8.1608    Tillman Global Holdings    2186
8.1609    Tilson    2187
8.1610    TIL-TEK Antennae    2188
8.1611    TIM (Telecom Italia Mobile)    2189
8.1612    Titan ICT    2190
8.1613    Titan.ium Platform    2191
8.1614    TJ Innovation    2192
8.1615    TLC Solutions    2193
8.1616    TM (Telekom Malaysia)    2194
8.1617    T-Mobile US    2195
8.1618    TMYTEK (TMY Technology)    2196
8.1619    TNS (Transaction Network Services)    2197
8.1620    TO21COMMS    2198
8.1621    Tofane Global    2199
8.1622    TOKIE (Irvees Technology)    2200
8.1623    TOMIA    2201
8.1624    Tongyu Communication    2202
8.1625    Toshiba Corporation    2203
8.1626    Totogi    2204
8.1627    TowerJazz    2205
8.1628    TPG Telecom    2206
8.1629    TPL Systèmes    2207
8.1630    TP-Link Technologies    2208
8.1631    Transatel (NTT Group)    2209
8.1632    TransPacket    2210
8.1633    Trialink (Russia)    2211
8.1634    TriaSys Technologies Corporation    2212
8.1635    TRIOPT    2213
8.1636    Triorail    2214
8.1637    Trópico (CPQD – Center for Research and Development in Telecommunications, Brazil)    2215
8.1638    TrueMove H (True Corporation)    2216
8.1639    TRUMPF    2217
8.1640    Truphone    2218
8.1641    TRX Systems    2219
8.1642    TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company)    2220
8.1643    Tsofun    2221
8.1644    TST Systems (Thorcom Systems/Sonic Communications/Tioga Electronic Assembly)    2222
8.1645    T-Systems International    2223
8.1646    TTG International    2224
8.1647    TTM Technologies    2225
8.1648    Tupl    2226
8.1649    Türk Telekom    2227
8.1650    Turkcell    2228
8.1651    TUSUR (Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics)    2229
8.1652    TÜV SÜD    2230
8.1653    Two Six Labs    2231
8.1654    Tyler Technologies    2232
8.1655    U.S. Cellular    2233
8.1656    UANGEL    2234
8.1657    UBCS    2235
8.1658    Ubicquia    2236
8.1659    Ubiik    2237
8.1660    UBiqube    2238
8.1661    Ubiquoss    2239
8.1662    Ubiwhere    2240
8.1663    U-Blox    2241
8.1664    Ucloudy (Shanghai Ucloudy Information Technology)    2242
8.1665    UCtel    2243
8.1666    UfiSpace    2244
8.1667    UL    2245
8.1668    ULAK Communication    2246
8.1669    Ultraband Technologies    2247
8.1670    UMC (United Microelectronics Corporation)    2248
8.1671    UMS (United Monolithic Semiconductors)    2249
8.1672    UNIMO Technology    2250
8.1673    UNISOC (Tsinghua Unigroup)    2251
8.1674    UniStrong    2252
8.1675    UNITAC Technology    2253
8.1676    UniTTEC    2254
8.1677    UROS    2255
8.1678    URSYS    2256
8.1679    US Digital Designs    2256
8.1680    USI (Universal Scientific Industrial)    2258
8.1681    Utility (Utility Associates)    2259
8.1682    Utility Connect (Alliander/Stedin)    2260
8.1683    UTStarcom    2261
8.1684    V&M (Venus & Mercury) Telecom    2262
8.1685    V5 Systems    2263
8.1686    Valid (Brazil)    2264
8.1687    Valid8    2265
8.1688    Vantage Towers    2266
8.1689    Vantiva (Formerly Technicolor)    2267
8.1690    Vanu    2268
8.1691    Vapor IO    2269
8.1692    Vavitel (Shenzhen Vavitel Technology)    2270
8.1693    VDI (Virginia Diodes, Inc.)    2271
8.1694    Vector Data    2272
8.1695    Veea    2273
8.1696    VEON    2274
8.1697    Verana Networks    2275
8.1698    Verizon Communications    2276
8.1699    Verkotan    2277
8.1700    Versa Networks    2278
8.1701    Vertel    2279
8.1702    Vertical Bridge (DigitalBridge Group)    2280
8.1703    Vertiv    2281
8.1704    Verveba Telecom    2282
8.1705    VHT (Viettel High Tech)    2283
8.1706    Viasat    2284
8.1707    VIAVI Solutions    2285
8.1708    VIDA Technologies    2286
8.1709    Vigilate    2287
8.1710    VinSmart (Vingroup)    2288
8.1711    Viper RF    2289
8.1712    Viprinet    2290
8.1713    ViPRO Corporation    2291
8.1714    Virtual Access (Westermo Network Technologies)    2292
8.1715    Virtusa Corporation    2293
8.1716    Vislink Technologies    2294
8.1717    Visual Labs    2295
8.1718    Vital (New Zealand)    2296
8.1719    VITES    2297
8.1720    Vivo (BBK Electronics)    2298
8.1721    VMware (Broadcom)    2299
8.1722    VNL – Vihaan Networks Limited (Shyam Group)    2300
8.1723    Vodacom Group    2301
8.1724    Vodafone Group    2302
8.1725    VoerEir    2303
8.1726    VoiceAge Corporation    2304
8.1727    Voipfuture    2305
8.1728    Volvo CE (Construction Equipment)    2306
8.1729    Voxer    2307
8.1730    VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland    2308
8.1731    Vubiq Networks    2309
8.1732    VVDN Technologies    2310
8.1733    WAGO    2311
8.1734    WAV4M    2312
8.1735    WAVE (AGC)    2313
8.1736    Wave1    2314
8.1737    Wave-In Communication    2315
8.1738    Wavelabs    2316
8.1739    Wavesight    2317
8.1740    Wavetel Technology    2318
8.1741    Waycare    2319
8.1742    WCCTV (Wireless CCTV)    2320
8.1743    WDNA (Wireless DNA)    2321
8.1744    Weaccess Group    2322
8.1745    WebRadar    2323
8.1746    Weidmüller    2324
8.1747    Welotec    2325
8.1748    Westell Technologies    2326
8.1749    Wevercomm    2327
8.1750    Wewins (Shenzhen Wewins Wireless)    2328
8.1751    wgtwo – Working Group Two (Cisco Systems)    2329
8.1752    WH Bence Group    2330
8.1753    Whale Cloud Technology (Alibaba Group)    2331
8.1754    Whizz Systems    2332
8.1755    Widelity    2333
8.1756    WiFrost    2334
8.1757    WIG (Wireless Infrastructure Group)    2335
8.1758    Wildox (Shenzhen Happy Technology)    2336
8.1759    Wilson Electronics    2337
8.1760    Wilus    2338
8.1761    WIN Connectivity (Wireless Information Networks)    2339
8.1762    Wind River Systems    2340
8.1763    Wind Tre    2341
8.1764    Wingtech Technology    2342
8.1765    WINITECH    2343
8.1766    Winmate Communications    2344
8.1767    Winncom Technologies    2345
8.1768    Wipro    2346
8.1769    Wireless Logic Group    2347
8.1770    Wireless Technologies Finland    2348
8.1771    Wireless Telecom Group    2349
8.1772    WiSig Networks    2350
8.1773    Wistron Corporation    2351
8.1774    Wiwynn (Wistron Corporation)    2352
8.1775    WM Systems    2353
8.1776    WMS (Wireless Maritime Services)    2354
8.1777    WNC (Wistron NeWeb Corporation)    2355
8.1778    Wolfspeed    2356
8.1779    WooriNet    2357
8.1780    Workz    2358
8.1781    World View    2359
8.1782    WorldCell Solutions    2360
8.1783    Wouxun (Quanzhou Wouxun Electronics)    2361
8.1784    WTL (World Telecom Labs)    2362
8.1785    WTW Electronic    2363
8.1786    WWT (World Wide Technology)    2364
8.1787    Wytec International    2365
8.1788    Xantaro    2366
8.1789    XAVi Technologies Corporation (Chicony Electronics)    2367
8.1790    Xelera Technologies    2368
8.1791    Xemex    2369
8.1792    Xena Networks    2370
8.1793    Xiamen Puxing Electronics Science & Technology    2371
8.1794    Xiamen Sanan Integrated Circuit    2372
8.1795    Xiaomi    2373
8.1796    Xilinx (AMD – Advanced Micro Devices)    2374
8.1797    Xingtera    2375
8.1798    Xinwei Group    2376
8.1799    XINYI Information Technology    2377
8.1800    XipLink    2378
8.1801    XIUS    2379
8.1802    YADRO (ICS Holding)    2380
8.1803    YAGEO Corporation    2381
8.1804    Yahsat (Al Yah Satellite Communications)/Thuraya    2382
8.1805    YaleBTS    2383
8.1806    Yanton (Quanzhou Yanton Electronics)    2384
8.1807    YOFC (Yangtze Optical Fibre and Cable)    2385
8.1808    Yokogawa Electric Corporation    2386
8.1809    Yuge Technology (Shanghai Yuge Information Technology)    2387
8.1810    Yunzhi Ruantong (Beijing Yunzhi Ruantong Information Technology)    2388
8.1811    Zain Group    2389
8.1812    ZaiNar    2390
8.1813    Zaram Technology    2391
8.1814    Z-Com    2392
8.1815    Zealync    2393
8.1816    Zebra Technologies    2394
8.1817    Zeetta Networks    2395
8.1818    Zello    2396
8.1819    Zengyi Technology    2397
8.1820    Zepcam    2398
8.1821    ZeroEyes    2399
8.1822    Zetron (Codan)    2400
8.1823    Zhengkai Electronics (Jiangsu Zhengkai Electronics Technology)    2401
8.1824    ZILLNK    2402
8.1825    Zinwave (Wilson Electronics)    2403
8.1826    Zioncom    2404
8.1827    Zmtel (Shanghai Zhongmi Communication Technology)    2405
8.1828    ZT Systems    2406
8.1829    ZTE    2407
8.1830    Zyxel (Unizyx Holding Corporation)    2409
        
9    Chapter 9: Market Sizing & Forecasts    2410
9.1    Global Outlook for Private 5G Networks    2410
9.2    Infrastructure Submarkets    2411
9.2.1    5G NR RAN    2411
9.2.1.1    Base Station RUs    2412
9.2.1.2    DUs/CUs    2413
9.2.2    5GC    2414
9.2.2.1    UPF    2415
9.2.2.2    Control Plane    2415
9.2.3    5G Transport    2416
9.2.3.1    Fiber & Wireline    2416
9.2.3.2    Microwave    2417
9.2.3.3    Satellite Communications    2417
9.3    Cell Sizes    2418
9.3.1    Indoor Small Cells    2419
9.3.2    Outdoor Small Cells    2420
9.3.3    Macrocells    2421
9.4    Frequency Ranges    2422
9.4.1    Sub-6 GHz    2423
9.4.2    mmWave    2424
9.5    End User Markets & Verticals    2425
9.5.1    Vertical Industries    2425
9.5.1.1    Agriculture    2427
9.5.1.2    Aviation    2428
9.5.1.3    Broadcasting    2429
9.5.1.4    Construction    2430
9.5.1.5    Education    2431
9.5.1.6    Forestry    2432
9.5.1.7    Healthcare    2433
9.5.1.8    Manufacturing    2434
9.5.1.9    Military    2435
9.5.1.10    Mining    2436
9.5.1.11    Oil & Gas    2437
9.5.1.12    Ports & Maritime Transport    2438
9.5.1.13    Public Safety    2439
9.5.1.14    Railways    2440
9.5.1.15    Utilities    2441
9.5.1.16    Warehousing & Others    2442
9.5.2    Offices, Buildings & Public Venues    2443
9.6    Regional Segmentation    2444
9.6.1    North America    2444
9.6.1.1    Infrastructure Submarkets    2444
9.6.1.2    End User Markets & Verticals    2445
9.6.2    Asia Pacific    2446
9.6.2.1    Infrastructure Submarkets    2446
9.6.2.2    End User Markets & Verticals    2447
9.6.3    Europe    2448
9.6.3.1    Infrastructure Submarkets    2448
9.6.3.2    End User Markets & Verticals    2449
9.6.4    Middle East & Africa    2450
9.6.4.1    Infrastructure Submarkets    2450
9.6.4.2    End User Markets & Verticals    2451
9.6.5    Latin & Central America    2452
9.6.5.1    Infrastructure Submarkets    2452
9.6.5.2    End User Markets & Verticals    2453
        
10    Chapter 10: Conclusion & Strategic Recommendations    2455
10.1    Why is the Market Poised to Grow?    2455
10.2    Future Roadmap: 2024 – 2030    2457
10.2.1    2024 – 2026: Continued Spending on Standalone Private 5G Networks    2457
10.2.2    2027 – 2029: Widespread Adoption of Industrial-Grade 5G Advanced NPNs    2458
10.2.3    2030 & Beyond: Towards Private 6G Connectivity for Future Applications    2458
10.3    Reviewing the Real-World Benefits of Private 5G Networks    2459
10.3.1    Efficiency Gains    2459
10.3.2    Cost Savings    2462
10.3.3    Worker Safety    2465
10.4    Vendor & Solution Provider Landscape    2466
10.4.1    Acquisitions, Consolidation & Partnerships    2466
10.4.2    Industry 4.0 Connectivity Solutions From Alternative Private 5G Infrastructure Suppliers    2467
10.4.3    Enabling the Testing of Domestically Produced 5G Network Equipment    2467
10.4.4    National Mobile Operators Continue to Retain a Significant Presence    2467
10.4.5    Emergence of New Classes of Private Network Service Providers    2468
10.4.6    Opportunities for Global System Integrators & Hyperscalers    2468
10.4.7    Startups Targeting Private 5G Security, Management & Orchestration Needs    2469
10.5    IIoT Remains the Central Driver for Private 5G Investments    2469
10.6    Reducing Reliance on Hard-Wired Cabling in Industrial & Enterprise Settings    2469
10.7    Driving the Convergence of IT & OT Domains With Industrial-Grade 5G Connectivity    2470
10.8    The Growing Role of 5G Network Slicing & Hybrid Public-Private Networks    2470
10.9    China Serving as a Proving Ground for Large-Scale Private 5G Projects    2471
10.10    Commercial Availability of Vertical Industry-Specific 3GPP Features    2471
10.11    5G Advanced Trials for Time-Sensitive Industrial Control Applications    2472
10.12    Spectrum Liberalization: Shared & Local Area Licensing Frameworks    2472
10.13    Mid-Band 5G NR RAN Installations Dominate the Market    2473
10.14    Prospects of Private 5G Networks in mmWave Spectrum    2473
10.15    Preliminary Deployments of 5G NR-U Technology    2474
10.16    Relationship Between Private 5G & Wi-Fi 6/6E/7 Systems    2474
10.17    Overlap With Neutral Host Networks for In-Building Coverage    2475
10.18    Synergies Between Private 5G Networks & Edge Computing    2475
10.19    Open RAN & vRAN (Virtualized RAN) Adoption in Private 5G Infrastructure    2476
10.20    SON & AI-Based Automation: Easing the Role of Enterprise IT Departments    2476
10.21    Satellite Backhaul & Direct-to-Device NTN Access for Coverage Extension    2477
10.22    Interconnectivity & Roaming in Private 5G Networks    2477
10.23    Strategic Recommendations    2478
10.23.1    5G Equipment & Chipset Suppliers    2478
10.23.2    System Integrators & Private Network Specialists    2478
10.23.3    National Mobile Network Operators    2479
10.23.4    End User Organizations & Vertical Industries    2480
        
List of Figures        
    Figure 1: Minimum Performance Requirements for 5G Systems    88
    Figure 2: NSA (Non-Standalone) vs. SA (Standalone) 5G Deployment Modes    96
    Figure 3: Isolated NPN (Non-Public Network) Deployment Scenario    101
    Figure 4: Dedicated Mobile Operator RAN Coverage NPN Deployment Scenario    102
    Figure 5: Shared RAN With On-Premise Core NPN Deployment Scenario    103
    Figure 6: Shared RAN & Control Plane NPN Deployment Scenario    104
    Figure 7: NPN Hosted by Public Network Deployment Scenario    105
    Figure 8: Virtual Sliced Private Network Deployment Scenario    106
    Figure 9: Hybrid Public-Private Network Deployment Scenario    107
    Figure 10: Shared Core Private Network Deployment Scenario    108
    Figure 11: Secure MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator) Deployment Scenario    109
    Figure 12: Business Models for Private 5G Networks    110
    Figure 13: Value Chain of Private 5G Networks    112
    Figure 14: Private 5G Network Architecture    123
    Figure 15: 5G NG-RAN Architecture    126
    Figure 16: gNB RU (Radio Unit) Functional Elements    129
    Figure 17: gNB DU (Distributed Baseband Unit) Functional Elements    130
    Figure 18: gNB CU (Centralized Baseband Unit) Functional Elements    131
    Figure 19: 5GC (5G Core) Architecture    132
    Figure 20: Fronthaul, Midhaul & Backhaul Transport Network Segments    142
    Figure 21: 5G Transport Performance Requirements    143
    Figure 22: Distance & RTT (Round-Trip Time) Comparison Between Public & Private Edge Computing    175
    Figure 23: Standardization of Private 5G-Related Features in 3GPP Releases 15 – 18    338
    Figure 24: Global Private 5G Network Infrastructure Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2410
    Figure 25: Global Private 5G Network Revenue by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2411
    Figure 26: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)    2411
    Figure 27: Global Private 5G RAN Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2412
    Figure 28: Global Private 5G Base Station RU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)    2412
    Figure 29: Global Private 5G Base Station RU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2413
    Figure 30: Global Private 5G DU/CU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)    2413
    Figure 31: Global Private 5G DU/CU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2414
    Figure 32: Global Private 5GC Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2414
    Figure 33: Global Private 5GC UPF Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2415
    Figure 34: Global Private 5GC Control Plane Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2415
    Figure 35: Global Private 5G Transport Network Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2416
    Figure 36: Global Private 5G Fiber-Wireline Transport Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2416
    Figure 37: Global Private 5G Microwave Transport Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2417
    Figure 38: Global Private 5G Satellite Transport Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2417
    Figure 39: Global Private 5G RU Shipments by Cell Size: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)    2418
    Figure 40: Global Private 5G RU Revenue by Cell Size: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2418
    Figure 41: Global Private 5G Indoor Small Cell RU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)    2419
    Figure 42: Global Private 5G Indoor Small Cell RU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2419
    Figure 43: Global Private 5G Outdoor Small Cell RU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)    2420
    Figure 44: Global Private 5G Outdoor Small Cell RU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2420
    Figure 45: Global Private 5G Macrocell RU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)    2421
    Figure 46: Global Private 5G Macrocell RU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2421
    Figure 47: Global Private 5G RU Shipments by Frequency Range: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)    2422
    Figure 48: Global Private 5G RU Revenue by Frequency Range: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2422
    Figure 49: Global Sub-6 GHz Private 5G RU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)    2423
    Figure 50: Global Sub-6 GHz Private 5G RU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2423
    Figure 51: Global mmWave Private 5G RU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)    2424
    Figure 52: Global mmWave Private 5G RU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2424
    Figure 53: Global Private 5G Network Infrastructure Revenue by End User Market: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2425
    Figure 54: Global Private 5G Network Infrastructure Revenue by Vertical Industry: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2425
    Figure 55: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in Vertical Industries by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2426
    Figure 56: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in Vertical Industries: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)    2426
    Figure 57: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in the Agriculture Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2427
    Figure 58: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Agriculture Vertical: 2024 – 2030    2427
    Figure 59: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in the Aviation Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2428
    Figure 60: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Aviation Vertical: 2024 – 2030    2428
    Figure 61: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in the Broadcasting Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2429
    Figure 62: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Broadcasting Vertical: 2024 – 2030    2429
    Figure 63: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in the Construction Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2430
    Figure 64: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Construction Vertical: 2024 – 2030    2430
    Figure 65: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in the Education Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2431
    Figure 66: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Education Vertical: 2024 – 2030    2431
    Figure 67: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in the Forestry Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2432
    Figure 68: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Forestry Vertical: 2024 – 2030    2432
    Figure 69: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in the Healthcare Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2433
    Figure 70: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Healthcare Vertical: 2024 – 2030    2433
    Figure 71: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in the Manufacturing Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2434
    Figure 72: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Manufacturing Vertical: 2024 – 2030    2434
    Figure 73: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in the Military Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2435
    Figure 74: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Military Vertical: 2024 – 2030    2435
    Figure 75: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in the Mining Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2436
    Figure 76: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Mining Vertical: 2024 – 2030    2436
    Figure 77: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in the Oil & Gas Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2437
    Figure 78: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Oil & Gas Vertical: 2024 – 2030    2437
    Figure 79: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in the Ports & Maritime Transport Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2438
    Figure 80: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Ports & Maritime Transport Vertical: 2024 – 2030    2438
    Figure 81: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in the Public Safety Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2439
    Figure 82: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Public Safety Vertical: 2024 – 2030    2439
    Figure 83: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in the Railways Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2440
    Figure 84: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Railways Vertical: 2024 – 2030    2440
    Figure 85: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in the Utilities Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2441
    Figure 86: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Utilities Vertical: 2024 – 2030    2441
    Figure 87: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in Warehousing & Other Verticals by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2442
    Figure 88: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in Warehousing & Other Verticals: 2024 – 2030    2442
    Figure 89: Global Private 5G Network Revenue in Offices, Buildings & Public Venues by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2443
    Figure 90: Global Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments in Offices, Buildings & Public Venues: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)    2443
    Figure 91: Private 5G Network Infrastructure Revenue by Region: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2444
    Figure 92: North America Private 5G Network Revenue by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2444
    Figure 93: North America Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)    2445
    Figure 94: North America Private 5G Network Revenue by End User Market: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2445
    Figure 95: North America Private 5G Network Revenue by Vertical Industry: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2446
    Figure 96: Asia Pacific Private 5G Network Revenue by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2446
    Figure 97: Asia Pacific Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)    2447
    Figure 98: Asia Pacific Private 5G Network Revenue by End User Market: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2447
    Figure 99: Asia Pacific Private 5G Network Revenue by Vertical Industry: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2448
    Figure 100: Europe Private 5G Network Revenue by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2448
    Figure 101: Europe Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)    2449
    Figure 102: Europe Private 5G Network Revenue by End User Market: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2449
    Figure 103: Europe Private 5G Network Revenue by Vertical Industry: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2450
    Figure 104: Middle East & Africa Private 5G Network Revenue by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2450
    Figure 105: Middle East & Africa Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)    2451
    Figure 106: Middle East & Africa Private 5G Network Revenue by End User Market: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2451
    Figure 107: Middle East & Africa Private 5G Network Revenue by Vertical Industry: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2452
    Figure 108: Latin & Central America Private 5G Network Revenue by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2452
    Figure 109: Latin & Central America Private 5G RAN Unit Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)    2453
    Figure 110: Latin & Central America Private 5G Network Revenue by End User Market: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2453
    Figure 111: Latin & Central America Private 5G Network Revenue by Vertical Industry: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)    2454
    Figure 112: Global Spending on Private 5G Networks by Vertical Industry: 2024 – 2027 ($ Million)    2455
    Figure 113: Future Roadmap of Private 5G Networks: 2024 – 2030    2457