Table of Content

1. Preface
1.1. Objectives of the Study
1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
1.3. Years Considered for the Study
1.4. Currency & Pricing
1.5. Language
1.6. Limitations
1.7. Assumptions
1.8. Stakeholders

2. Research Methodology
2.1. Define: Research Objective
2.2. Determine: Research Design
2.3. Prepare: Research Instrument
2.4. Collect: Data Source
2.5. Analyze: Data Interpretation
2.6. Formulate: Data Verification
2.7. Publish: Research Report
2.8. Repeat: Report Update

3. Executive Summary

4. Market Overview
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Market, by Region

5. Market Insights
5.1. Market Dynamics
5.1.1. Drivers
5.1.1.1. Increasing application in automotive and aerospace sectors
5.1.1.2. Exponential potential in education & research sector
5.1.1.3. Growing application attributed to its ability to accurately mimic the tasks and use in test control systems
5.1.2. Restraints
5.1.2.1. High cost of developing HIL hardware and software
5.1.3. Opportunities
5.1.3.1. Extensive ongoing adoption in applications such as power and industrial robotics
5.1.3.2. Integration of innovative functions due to high degree of digitization
5.1.4. Challenges
5.1.4.1. Limitation of the simulation design
5.2. Market Segmentation Analysis
5.3. Market Trend Analysis
5.4. Cumulative Impact of High Inflation
5.5. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
5.5.1. Threat of New Entrants
5.5.2. Threat of Substitutes
5.5.3. Bargaining Power of Customers
5.5.4. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
5.5.5. Industry Rivalry
5.6. Value Chain & Critical Path Analysis
5.7. Regulatory Framework

6. Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Market, by Component
6.1. Introduction
6.2. HIL Simulation Hardware
6.3. HIL Simulation Software

7. Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Market, by Application
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Aerospace & Defense
7.3. Automotive & Transportation
7.4. Education & Research
7.5. Industrial Automation
7.6. Semiconductor & Electronics

8. Americas Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Market
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Argentina
8.3. Brazil
8.4. Canada
8.5. Mexico
8.6. United States

9. Asia-Pacific Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Market
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Australia
9.3. China
9.4. India
9.5. Indonesia
9.6. Japan
9.7. Malaysia
9.8. Philippines
9.9. Singapore
9.10. South Korea
9.11. Taiwan
9.12. Thailand
9.13. Vietnam

10. Europe, Middle East & Africa Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Market
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Denmark
10.3. Egypt
10.4. Finland
10.5. France
10.6. Germany
10.7. Israel
10.8. Italy
10.9. Netherlands
10.10. Nigeria
10.11. Norway
10.12. Poland
10.13. Qatar
10.14. Russia
10.15. Saudi Arabia
10.16. South Africa
10.17. Spain
10.18. Sweden
10.19. Switzerland
10.20. Turkey
10.21. United Arab Emirates
10.22. United Kingdom

11. Competitive Landscape
11.1. FPNV Positioning Matrix
11.2. Market Share Analysis, By Key Player
11.3. Competitive Scenario Analysis, By Key Player

12. Competitive Portfolio
12.1. Key Company Profiles
12.1.1. Acutronic Holding AG
12.1.2. Controllab Products B.V.
12.1.3. dSPACE GmbH
12.1.4. IPG Automotive GmbH
12.1.5. Konrad GmbH
12.1.6. LHP, Inc.
12.1.7. MicroNova AG
12.1.8. National Instruments Corp.
12.1.9. Opal-RT Technologies, Inc.
12.1.10. Plexim GmbH
12.1.11. Real-Time Innovations, Inc.
12.1.12. Siemens Plm Software, Inc.
12.1.13. Speedgoat GmbH
12.1.14. Typhoon Hil, Inc.
12.1.15. Vector Informatik GmbH
12.2. Key Product Portfolio

13. Appendix
13.1. Discussion Guide
13.2. License & Pricing



List of Figures

FIGURE 1. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET RESEARCH PROCESS
FIGURE 2. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, 2023 VS 2030
FIGURE 3. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 4. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2023 VS 2030 (%)
FIGURE 5. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 6. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET DYNAMICS
FIGURE 7. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2023 VS 2030 (%)
FIGURE 8. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 9. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2023 VS 2030 (%)
FIGURE 10. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 11. AMERICAS HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2023 VS 2030 (%)
FIGURE 12. AMERICAS HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 13. UNITED STATES HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY STATE, 2023 VS 2030 (%)
FIGURE 14. UNITED STATES HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY STATE, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 15. ASIA-PACIFIC HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2023 VS 2030 (%)
FIGURE 16. ASIA-PACIFIC HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 17. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2023 VS 2030 (%)
FIGURE 18. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 19. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET, FPNV POSITIONING MATRIX, 2023
FIGURE 20. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SHARE, BY KEY PLAYER, 2023

List of Tables

TABLE 1. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SEGMENTATION & COVERAGE
TABLE 2. UNITED STATES DOLLAR EXCHANGE RATE, 2018–2023
TABLE 3. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 4. GLOBAL HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 5. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 6. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY HIL SIMULATION HARDWARE, BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 7. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY HIL SIMULATION SOFTWARE, BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 8. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 9. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY AEROSPACE & DEFENSE, BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 10. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY AUTOMOTIVE & TRANSPORTATION, BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 11. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY EDUCATION & RESEARCH, BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 12. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION, BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 13. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY SEMICONDUCTOR & ELECTRONICS, BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 14. AMERICAS HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 15. AMERICAS HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 16. AMERICAS HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 17. ARGENTINA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 18. ARGENTINA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 19. BRAZIL HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 20. BRAZIL HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 21. CANADA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 22. CANADA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 23. MEXICO HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 24. MEXICO HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 25. UNITED STATES HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 26. UNITED STATES HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 27. UNITED STATES HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY STATE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 28. ASIA-PACIFIC HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 29. ASIA-PACIFIC HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 30. ASIA-PACIFIC HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 31. AUSTRALIA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 32. AUSTRALIA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 33. CHINA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 34. CHINA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 35. INDIA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 36. INDIA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 37. INDONESIA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 38. INDONESIA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 39. JAPAN HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 40. JAPAN HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 41. MALAYSIA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 42. MALAYSIA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 43. PHILIPPINES HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 44. PHILIPPINES HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 45. SINGAPORE HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 46. SINGAPORE HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 47. SOUTH KOREA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 48. SOUTH KOREA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 49. TAIWAN HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 50. TAIWAN HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 51. THAILAND HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 52. THAILAND HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 53. VIETNAM HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 54. VIETNAM HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 55. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 56. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 57. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 58. DENMARK HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 59. DENMARK HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 60. EGYPT HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 61. EGYPT HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 62. FINLAND HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 63. FINLAND HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 64. FRANCE HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 65. FRANCE HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 66. GERMANY HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 67. GERMANY HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 68. ISRAEL HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 69. ISRAEL HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 70. ITALY HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 71. ITALY HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 72. NETHERLANDS HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 73. NETHERLANDS HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 74. NIGERIA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 75. NIGERIA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 76. NORWAY HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 77. NORWAY HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 78. POLAND HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 79. POLAND HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 80. QATAR HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 81. QATAR HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 82. RUSSIA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 83. RUSSIA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 84. SAUDI ARABIA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 85. SAUDI ARABIA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 86. SOUTH AFRICA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 87. SOUTH AFRICA HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 88. SPAIN HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 89. SPAIN HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 90. SWEDEN HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 91. SWEDEN HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 92. SWITZERLAND HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 93. SWITZERLAND HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 94. TURKEY HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 95. TURKEY HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 96. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 97. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 98. UNITED KINGDOM HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 99. UNITED KINGDOM HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 100. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET, FPNV POSITIONING MATRIX, 2023
TABLE 101. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET SHARE, BY KEY PLAYER, 2023
TABLE 102. HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION MARKET LICENSE & PRICING