Table of Content

1. Preface
1.1. Market Definition and Scope
1.2. Market Segmentation
1.3. Key Research Objectives
1.4. Research Highlights

2. Assumptions and Research Methodology

3. Executive Summary : Global Audiological Devices Market

4. Market Overview
4.1. Introduction
4.1.1. Product Definition
4.1.2. Industry Evolution / Developments
4.2. Overview
4.3. Market Dynamics
4.3.1. Drivers
4.3.2. Restraints
4.3.3. Opportunities

5. Market Outlook
5.1. Key Mergers & Acquisitions
5.2. Technological Advancements
5.3. Regulatory Scenario of Audiological Product

6. Global Audiological Devices Market Analysis and Forecast, by Product
6.1. Introduction & Definition
6.2. Key Findings / Developments
6.3. Global Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by Product, 2017–2031
6.3.1. Hearing Aids
6.3.1.1. In-the-ear Hearing Aids (ITE)
6.3.1.2. Receiver-in-the-ear hearing Aids (RITE)
6.3.1.3. Behind-the-ear Hearing Aids (BTE)
6.3.1.4. Canal hearing aids (CHA)
6.3.2. Cochlear Implants
6.3.3. Bone-anchored Hearing Aids
6.3.4. Diagnostic Devices
6.3.4.1. Audiometers
6.3.4.2. Octoscopes
6.3.4.3. Tympanometers
6.4. Global Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Product

7. Global Audiological Devices Market Analysis and Forecast, by Disease Type
7.1. Introduction & Definition
7.2. Key Findings / Developments
7.3. Global Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by Disease Type, 2017–2031
7.3.1. Otosclerosis
7.3.2. Meniere’s Disease
7.3.3. Acoustic Tumors
7.3.4. Otitis Media
7.3.5. Others
7.4. Global Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Disease Type

8. Global Audiological Devices Market Analysis and Forecast, by End-user
8.1. Introduction & Definition
8.2. Key Findings / Developments
8.3. Global Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
8.3.1. Hospitals
8.3.2. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
8.3.3. Clinics
8.4. Global Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by End-user

9. Global Audiological Devices Market Analysis and Forecast, by Region
9.1. Key Findings
9.2. Global Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by Region
9.2.1. North America
9.2.2. Europe
9.2.3. Asia Pacific
9.2.4. Latin America
9.2.5. Middle East & Africa
9.3. Global Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Region

10. North America Audiological Devices Market Analysis and Forecast
10.1. Introduction
10.1.1. Key Findings
10.2. North America Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by Product, 2017–2031
10.2.1. Hearing Aids
10.2.1.1. In-the-ear Hearing Aids (ITE)
10.2.1.2. Receiver-in-the-ear hearing Aids (RITE)
10.2.1.3. Behind-the-ear Hearing Aids (BTE)
10.2.1.4. Canal hearing aids (CHA)
10.2.2. Cochlear Implants
10.2.3. Bone-anchored Hearing Aids
10.2.4. Diagnostic Devices
10.2.4.1. Audiometers
10.2.4.2. Octoscopes
10.2.4.3. Tympanometers
10.3. North America Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by Disease Type, 2017–2031
10.3.1. Otosclerosis
10.3.2. Meniere’s Disease
10.3.3. Acoustic Tumors
10.3.4. Otitis Media
10.3.5. Others
10.4. North America Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
10.4.1. Hospitals
10.4.2. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
10.4.3. Clinics
10.5. North America Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by Country, 2017–2031
10.5.1. U.S.
10.5.2. Canada
10.6. North America Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness Analysis
10.6.1. By Product
10.6.2. By Disease Type
10.6.3. By End-user
10.6.4. By Country

11. Europe Audiological Devices Market Analysis and Forecast
11.1. Introduction
11.1.1. Key Findings
11.2. Europe Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by Product, 2017–2031
11.2.1. Hearing Aids
11.2.1.1. In-the-ear Hearing Aids (ITE)
11.2.1.2. Receiver-in-the-ear hearing Aids (RITE)
11.2.1.3. Behind-the-ear Hearing Aids (BTE)
11.2.1.4. Canal hearing aids (CHA)
11.2.2. Cochlear Implants
11.2.3. Bone-anchored Hearing Aids
11.2.4. Diagnostic Devices
11.2.4.1. Audiometers
11.2.4.2. Octoscopes
11.2.4.3. Tympanometers
11.3. Europe Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by Disease Type, 2017–2031
11.3.1. Otosclerosis
11.3.2. Meniere’s Disease
11.3.3. Acoustic Tumors
11.3.4. Otitis Media
11.3.5. Others
11.4. Europe Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
11.4.1. Hospitals
11.4.2. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
11.4.3. Clinics
11.5. Europe Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
11.5.1. Germany
11.5.2. U.K.
11.5.3. France
11.5.4. Spain
11.5.5. Italy
11.5.6. Russia
11.5.7. Rest of Europe
11.6. Europe Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness Analysis
11.6.1. By Product
11.6.2. By Disease Type
11.6.3. By End-user
11.6.4. By Country/Sub-region

12. Asia Pacific Audiological Devices Market Analysis and Forecast
12.1. Introduction
12.1.1. Key Findings
12.2. Europe Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by Product, 2017–2031
12.2.1. Hearing Aids
12.2.1.1. In-the-ear Hearing Aids (ITE)
12.2.1.2. Receiver-in-the-ear hearing Aids (RITE)
12.2.1.3. Behind-the-ear Hearing Aids (BTE)
12.2.1.4. Canal hearing aids (CHA)
12.2.2. Cochlear Implants
12.2.3. Bone-anchored Hearing Aids
12.2.4. Diagnostic Devices
12.2.4.1. Audiometers
12.2.4.2. Octoscopes
12.2.4.3. Tympanometers
12.3. Europe Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by Disease Type, 2017–2031
12.3.1. Otosclerosis
12.3.2. Meniere’s Disease
12.3.3. Acoustic Tumors
12.3.4. Otitis Media
12.3.5. Others
12.4. Europe Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
12.4.1. Hospitals
12.4.2. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
12.4.3. Clinics
12.5. Europe Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
12.5.1. China
12.5.2. Japan
12.5.3. India
12.5.4. Australia & New Zealand
12.5.5. Rest of Asia Pacific
12.6. Europe Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness Analysis
12.6.1. By Product
12.6.2. By Disease Type
12.6.3. By End-user
12.6.4. By Country/Sub-region
13. Latin America Audiological Devices Market Analysis and Forecast
13.1. Introduction
13.1.1. Key Findings
13.2. Latin America Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by Product, 2017–2031
13.2.1. Hearing Aids
13.2.1.1. In-the-ear Hearing Aids (ITE)
13.2.1.2. Receiver-in-the-ear hearing Aids (RITE)
13.2.1.3. Behind-the-ear Hearing Aids (BTE)
13.2.1.4. Canal hearing aids (CHA)
13.2.2. Cochlear Implants
13.2.3. Bone-anchored Hearing Aids
13.2.4. Diagnostic Devices
13.2.4.1. Audiometers
13.2.4.2. Octoscopes
13.2.4.3. Tympanometers
13.3. Market Value Forecast, by Disease Type, 2017–2031
13.3.1. Otosclerosis
13.3.2. Meniere’s Disease
13.3.3. Acoustic Tumors
13.3.4. Otitis Media
13.3.5. Others
13.4. Latin America Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
13.4.1. Hospitals
13.4.2. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
13.4.3. Clinics
13.5. Latin America Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by Country, 2017–2031
13.5.1. Brazil
13.5.2. Mexico
13.5.3. Rest of Latin America
13.6. Latin America Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness Analysis
13.6.1. By Product
13.6.2. By Disease Type
13.6.3. By End-user
13.6.4. By Country/Sub-region

14. Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Analysis and Forecast
14.1. Introduction
14.1.1. Key Findings
14.2. Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by Product, 2017–2031
14.2.1. Hearing Aids
14.2.1.1. In-the-ear Hearing Aids (ITE)
14.2.1.2. Receiver-in-the-ear hearing Aids (RITE)
14.2.1.3. Behind-the-ear Hearing Aids (BTE)
14.2.1.4. Canal hearing aids (CHA)
14.2.2. Cochlear Implants
14.2.3. Bone-anchored Hearing Aids
14.2.4. Diagnostic Devices
14.2.4.1. Audiometers
14.2.4.2. Octoscopes
14.2.4.3. Tympanometers
14.3. Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by Disease Type, 2017–2031
14.3.1. Otosclerosis
14.3.2. Meniere’s Disease
14.3.3. Acoustic Tumors
14.3.4. Otitis Media
14.3.5. Others
14.4. Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
14.4.1. Hospitals
14.4.2. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
14.4.3. Clinics
14.5. Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Value Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
14.5.1. GCC Countries
14.5.2. South Africa
14.5.3. Israel
14.5.4. Rest of Middle East & Africa
14.6. Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness Analysis
14.6.1. By Product
14.6.2. By Disease Type
14.6.3. By End-user
14.6.4. By Country/Sub-region

15. Competition Landscape
15.1. Company Profiles
15.1.1. William Demant Holding A/S
15.1.1.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
15.1.1.2. Company Financials
15.1.1.3. Growth Strategies
15.1.1.4. SWOT Analysis
15.1.2. GN Store Nord A/S
15.1.2.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
15.1.2.2. Company Financials
15.1.2.3. Growth Strategies
15.1.2.4. SWOT Analysis
15.1.3. Sonova
15.1.3.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
15.1.3.2. Company Financials
15.1.3.3. Growth Strategies
15.1.3.4. SWOT Analysis
15.1.4. WIDEX A/S
15.1.4.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
15.1.4.2. Company Financials
15.1.4.3. Growth Strategies
15.1.4.4. SWOT Analysis
15.1.5. Sivantos Pte. Ltd.
15.1.5.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
15.1.5.2. Company Financials
15.1.5.3. Growth Strategies
15.1.5.4. SWOT Analysis
15.1.6. Medtronic
15.1.6.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
15.1.6.2. Company Financials
15.1.6.3. Growth Strategies
15.1.6.4. SWOT Analysis
15.1.7. Starkey
15.1.7.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
15.1.7.2. Company Financials
15.1.7.3. Growth Strategies
15.1.7.4. SWOT Analysis
15.1.8. Audrina Hearing Instruments, Inc.
15.1.8.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
15.1.8.2. Company Financials
15.1.8.3. Growth Strategies
15.1.8.4. SWOT Analysis
15.1.9. AUDITDATA
15.1.9.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
15.1.9.2. Company Financials
15.1.9.3. Growth Strategies
15.1.9.4. SWOT Analysis
15.1.10. Nurotron Biotechnology Co. Ltd.
15.1.10.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
15.1.10.2. Company Financials
15.1.10.3. Growth Strategies
15.1.10.4. SWOT Analysis



List of Figures

List of Figures
Figure 01: Global Audiological Devices Market Size (US$ Mn) and Distribution, by Region, 2017 and 2031
Figure 02: Global Audiological Devices Market Revenue (US$ Mn), by Product, 2021
Figure 03: Global Audiological Devices Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projection, 2022–2031
Figure 04: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, 2017–2031
Figure 05: Global Audiological Devices Market Value Share (%), by Product, 2021 and 2031
Figure 06: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projection, by Hearing Aids, 2017–2031
Figure 07: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projection, by Cochlear Implants, 2017–2031
Figure 08: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projection, by Bone-anchored Hearing Aids, 2017–2031
Figure 09: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projection, by Diagnostic Devices, 2017–2031
Figure 10: Global Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Product, 2017–2021
Figure 11: Global Audiological Devices Market Value Share (%), by Disease Type, 2017 and 2031
Figure 12: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projection, by Otosclerosis, 2017–2031
Figure 13: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projection, by Meniere’s Disease, 2017–2031
Figure 14: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projection, by Acoustic Tumors, 2017–2031
Figure 15: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projection, by Otitis Media, 2017–2031
Figure 16: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projection, by Others, 2017–2031
Figure 17: Global Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Disease Type, 2017–2031
Figure 18: Global Audiological Devices Market Value Share, by End-user, 2017 and 2031
Figure 19: Global Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by End-user, 2017–2031
Figure 20: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projection, by Hospitals, 2017–2031
Figure 21: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projection, by Ambulatory Surgical Centers, 2017–2031
Figure 22: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projection, by Clinics, 2017–2031
Figure 23: Global Audiological Devices Market Value Share, by Region, 2017 and 2031
Figure 24: Global Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Region, 2017–2031
Figure 25: North America Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth Projection (%), 2017–2031
Figure 26: North America Audiological Devices Market Value Share (%), by Country, 2017 and 2031
Figure 27: North America Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Country, 2017–2031
Figure 28: North America Audiological Devices Market Value Share, by Product, 2017 and 2031
Figure 29: North America Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Product, 2017–2031
Figure 30: North America Audiological Devices Market Value Share Analysis, by Disease Type, 2017 and 2031
Figure 31: North America Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Disease Type, 2017–2031
Figure 32: North America Audiological Devices Market Value Share Analysis, by End-user, 2017 and 2031
Figure 33: North America Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by End-user, 2017–2031
Figure 34: Europe Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth Projection (%), 2017–203
Figure 35: Europe Audiological Devices Market Value Share (%), by Country/Sub-region, 2017 and 2031
Figure 36: Europe Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
Figure 37: Europe Audiological Devices Market Value Share, by Product, 2017 and 2031
Figure 38: Europe Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Product, 2017–2031
Figure 39: Europe Audiological Devices Market Value Share Analysis, by Disease Type, 2017 and 2031
Figure 40: Europe Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Disease Type, 2017–2031
Figure 41: Europe Audiological Devices Market Value Share Analysis, by End-user, 2017 and 2031
Figure 42: Europe Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by End-user, 2017–2031
Figure 43: Asia Pacific Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth Projection (%), 2017–2031
Figure 44: Asia Pacific Audiological Devices Market Value Share, by Country/Sub-region, 2017 and 2031
Figure 45: Asia Pacific Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
Figure 46: Asia Pacific Audiological Devices Market Value Share, by Product, 2017 and 2031
Figure 47: Asia Pacific Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Product, 2017–2031
Figure 48: Asia Pacific Audiological Devices Market Value Share Analysis, by Disease Type, 2017 and 2031
Figure 49: Asia Pacific Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Disease Type, 2017–2031
Figure 50: Asia Pacific Audiological Devices Market Value Share Analysis, by End-user, 2017 and 2031
Figure 51: Asia Pacific Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by End-user, 2017–2031
Figure 52: Latin America Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth Projection (%), 2017–2031
Figure 53: Latin America Audiological Devices Market Value Share, by Country/Sub-region, 2017 and 2031
Figure 54: Latin America Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
Figure 55: Latin America Audiological Devices Market Value Share, by Product, 2017 and 2031
Figure 56: Latin America Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Product, 2017–2031
Figure 57: Latin America Audiological Devices Market Value Share Analysis, by Disease Type, 2017 and 2031
Figure 58: Latin America Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Disease Type, 2017–2031
Figure 59: Latin America Audiological Devices Market Value Share Analysis, by End-user, 2017 and 2031
Figure 60: Latin America Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by End-user, 2017–2031
Figure 61: Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth Projection (%), 2017–2031
Figure 62: Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Value Share, by Country/Sub-region, 2017 and 2031
Figure 63: Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
Figure 64: Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Value Share, by Product, 2017 and 2031
Figure 65: Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Product, 2017–2031
Figure 66: Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Value Share Analysis, by Disease Type, 2017 and 2031
Figure 67: Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by Disease Type, 2017–2031
Figure 68: Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Value Share Analysis, by End-user, 2017 and 2031
Figure 69: Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Attractiveness, by End-user, 2017–2031

List of Tables

List of Tables
Table 01: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Product, 2017–2031
Table 02: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Hearing Aids, 2017–2031
Table 03: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Diagnostic Devices, 2017-2031
Table 04: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Disease Type, 2017–2031
Table 05: Global Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
Table 06: Global Audiological Devices Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Region, 2017–2031
Table 07: North America Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country, 2017–2031
Table 08: North America Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Product, 2017–2031
Table 09: North America Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Hearing Aids, 2017–2031
Table 10: North America Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Diagnostic Devices, 2017–2031
Table 11: North America Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Disease Type, 2017–2031
Table 12: North America Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
Table 13: Europe Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
Table 14: Europe Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Product, 2017–2031
Table 15: Europe Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Hearing Aids, 2017–2031
Table 16: Europe Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Diagnostic Devices, 2017–2031
Table 17: Europe Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Disease Type, 2017–2031
Table 18: Europe Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
Table 19: Asia Pacific Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
Table 20: Asia Pacific Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Product, 2017–2031
Table 21: Asia Pacific Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Hearing Aids, 2017–2031
Table 22: Asia Pacific Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Diagnostic Devices, 2017–2031
Table 23: Asia Pacific Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Disease Type, 2017–2031
Table 24: Asia Pacific Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
Table 25: Latin America Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
Table 26: Latin America Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Product, 2017–2031
Table 27: Latin America Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Hearing Aids, 2017–2031
Table 28: Latin America Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Diagnostic Devices, 2017–2031
Table 29: Latin America Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Disease Type, 2017- 2031
Table 30: Latin America Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
Table 31: Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
Table 32: Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Product, 2017-2031
Table 33: Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Hearing Aids, 2017–2031
Table 34: Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Diagnostic Devices, 2017–2031
Table 35: Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Disease Type, 2017–2031
Table 36: Middle East & Africa Audiological Devices Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031