Table of Content

?TABLE OF CONTENTS


1 Research Methodology and Statistical Scope

1.1 Market Definition and Statistical Scope of NAND Flash Memory and DRAM

1.2 Key Market Segments

1.2.1 NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Segment by Type

1.2.2 NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Segment by Application

1.3 Methodology & Sources of Information

1.3.1 Research Methodology

1.3.2 Research Process

1.3.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

1.3.4 Base Year

1.3.5 Report Assumptions & Caveats


2 NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Overview

2.1 Global Market Overview

2.1.1 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size (M USD) Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)

2.1.2 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)

2.2 Market Segment Executive Summary

2.3 Global Market Size by Region


3 NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Competitive Landscape

3.1 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales by Manufacturers (2017-2022)

3.2 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)

3.3 NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)

3.4 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Average Price by Manufacturers (2017-2022)

3.5 Manufacturers NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Sites, Area Served, Product Type

3.6 NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Competitive Situation and Trends

3.6.1 NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Concentration Rate

3.6.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Players Market Share by Revenue

3.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion


4 NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Industry Chain Analysis

4.1 NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Industry Chain Analysis

4.2 Market Overview and Market Concentration Analysis of Key Raw Materials

4.3 Midstream Market Analysis

4.4 Downstream Customer Analysis


5 The Development and Dynamics of NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market

5.1 Key Development Trends

5.2 Driving Factors

5.3 Market Challenges

5.4 Market Restraints

5.5 Industry News

5.5.1 New Product Developments

5.5.2 Mergers & Acquisitions

5.5.3 Expansions

5.5.4 Collaboration/Supply Contracts

5.6 Industry Policies


6 NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Segmentation by Type

6.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)

6.2 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

6.3 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

6.4 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Price by Type (2017-2022)


7 NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Segmentation by Application

7.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)

7.2 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Sales by Application (2017-2022)

7.3 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size (M USD) by Application (2017-2022)

7.4 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Growth Rate by Application (2017-2022)


8 NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Segmentation by Region

8.1 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales by Region

8.1.1 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales by Region

8.1.2 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Market Share by Region

8.2 North America

8.2.1 North America NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales by Country

8.2.2 U.S.

8.2.3 Canada

8.2.4 Mexico

8.3 Europe

8.3.1 Europe NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales by Country

8.3.2 Germany

8.3.3 France

8.3.4 U.K.

8.3.5 Italy

8.3.6 Russia

8.4 Asia Pacific

8.4.1 Asia Pacific NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales by Region

8.4.2 China

8.4.3 Japan

8.4.4 South Korea

8.4.5 India

8.4.6 Southeast Asia

8.5 South America

8.5.1 South America NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales by Country

8.5.2 Brazil

8.5.3 Argentina

8.5.4 Columbia

8.6 Middle East and Africa

8.6.1 Middle East and Africa NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales by Region

8.6.2 Saudi Arabia

8.6.3 UAE

8.6.4 Egypt

8.6.5 Nigeria

8.6.6 South Africa


9 Key Companies Profiled

9.1 Samsung

9.1.1 Samsung NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Basic Information

9.1.2 Samsung NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Overview

9.1.3 Samsung NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Market Performance

9.1.4 Samsung Business Overview

9.1.5 Samsung NAND Flash Memory and DRAM SWOT Analysis

9.1.6 Samsung Recent Developments

9.2 Micron

9.2.1 Micron NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Basic Information

9.2.2 Micron NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Overview

9.2.3 Micron NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Market Performance

9.2.4 Micron Business Overview

9.2.5 Micron NAND Flash Memory and DRAM SWOT Analysis

9.2.6 Micron Recent Developments

9.3 SK Hynix

9.3.1 SK Hynix NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Basic Information

9.3.2 SK Hynix NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Overview

9.3.3 SK Hynix NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Market Performance

9.3.4 SK Hynix Business Overview

9.3.5 SK Hynix NAND Flash Memory and DRAM SWOT Analysis

9.3.6 SK Hynix Recent Developments

9.4 Kioxia Holdings Corporation

9.4.1 Kioxia Holdings Corporation NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Basic Information

9.4.2 Kioxia Holdings Corporation NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Overview

9.4.3 Kioxia Holdings Corporation NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Market Performance

9.4.4 Kioxia Holdings Corporation Business Overview

9.4.5 Kioxia Holdings Corporation NAND Flash Memory and DRAM SWOT Analysis

9.4.6 Kioxia Holdings Corporation Recent Developments

9.5 Western Digital

9.5.1 Western Digital NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Basic Information

9.5.2 Western Digital NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Overview

9.5.3 Western Digital NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Market Performance

9.5.4 Western Digital Business Overview

9.5.5 Western Digital NAND Flash Memory and DRAM SWOT Analysis

9.5.6 Western Digital Recent Developments

9.6 Intel

9.6.1 Intel NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Basic Information

9.6.2 Intel NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Overview

9.6.3 Intel NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Market Performance

9.6.4 Intel Business Overview

9.6.5 Intel Recent Developments

9.7 Nanya

9.7.1 Nanya NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Basic Information

9.7.2 Nanya NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Overview

9.7.3 Nanya NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Market Performance

9.7.4 Nanya Business Overview

9.7.5 Nanya Recent Developments

9.8 Winbond

9.8.1 Winbond NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Basic Information

9.8.2 Winbond NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Overview

9.8.3 Winbond NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Market Performance

9.8.4 Winbond Business Overview

9.8.5 Winbond Recent Developments

10 NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Forecast by Region

10.1 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size Forecast

10.2 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Forecast by Region

10.2.1 North America Market Size Forecast by Country

10.2.2 Europe NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size Forecast by Country

10.2.3 Asia Pacific NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size Forecast by Region

10.2.4 South America NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size Forecast by Country

10.2.5 Middle East and Africa Forecasted Consumption of NAND Flash Memory and DRAM by Country

11 Forecast Market by Type and by Application (2022-2028)

11.1 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Forecast by Type (2022-2028)

11.1.1 Global Forecasted Sales of NAND Flash Memory and DRAM by Type (2022-2028)

11.1.2 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size Forecast by Type (2022-2028)

11.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of NAND Flash Memory and DRAM by Type (2022-2028)

11.2 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Forecast by Application (2022-2028)

11.2.1 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales (K Units) Forecast by Application

11.2.2 Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size (M USD) Forecast by Application (2022-2028)

12 Conclusion and Key Findings



List of Figures

?LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Introduction of the Type

Table 2. Introduction of the Application

Table 3. Market Size (M USD) Segment Executive Summary

Table 4. NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size (M USD) Comparison by Region (M USD)

Table 5. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales (K Units) by Manufacturers (2017-2022)

Table 6. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)

Table 7. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Revenue (M USD) by Manufacturers (2017-2022)

Table 8. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)

Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in NAND Flash Memory and DRAM as of 2021)

Table 10. Global Market NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2017-2022)

Table 11. Manufacturers NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Sites and Area Served

Table 12. Manufacturers NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Type

Table 13. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)

Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

Table 15. Industry Chain Map of NAND Flash Memory and DRAM

Table 16. Raw Materials

Table 17. Midstream Market Analysis

Table 18. Downstream Customer Analysis

Table 19. Key Development Trends

Table 20. Driving Factors

Table 21. NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Challenges

Table 22. Market Restraints

Table 23. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales by Type (K Units)

Table 24. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size by Type (M USD)

Table 25. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales (K Units) by Type (2017-2022)

Table 26. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 27. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size (M USD) by Type (2017-2022)

Table 28. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 29. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2017-2022)

Table 30. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales (K Units) by Application

Table 31. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size by Application

Table 32. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Table 33. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 34. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (M USD)

Table 35. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 36. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Growth Rate by Application (2017-2022)

Table 37. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Table 38. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Table 39. North America NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Table 40. Europe NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Table 41. Asia Pacific NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Table 42. South America NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Table 43. Middle East and Africa NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Table 44. Samsung NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Basic Information

Table 45. Samsung NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Overview

Table 46. Samsung NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales (K Units), Market Size (M USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)

Table 47. Samsung Business Overview

Table 48. Samsung NAND Flash Memory and DRAM SWOT Analysis

Table 49. Samsung Recent Developments

Table 50. Micron NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Basic Information

Table 51. Micron NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Overview

Table 52. Micron NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales (K Units), Market Size (M USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)

Table 53. Micron Business Overview

Table 54. Micron NAND Flash Memory and DRAM SWOT Analysis

Table 55. Micron Recent Developments

Table 56. SK Hynix NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Basic Information

Table 57. SK Hynix NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Overview

Table 58. SK Hynix NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales (K Units), Market Size (M USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)

Table 59. SK Hynix Business Overview

Table 60. SK Hynix NAND Flash Memory and DRAM SWOT Analysis

Table 61. SK Hynix Recent Developments

Table 62. Kioxia Holdings Corporation NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Basic Information

Table 63. Kioxia Holdings Corporation NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Overview

Table 64. Kioxia Holdings Corporation NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales (K Units), Market Size (M USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)

Table 65. Kioxia Holdings Corporation Business Overview

Table 66. Kioxia Holdings Corporation NAND Flash Memory and DRAM SWOT Analysis

Table 67. Kioxia Holdings Corporation Recent Developments

Table 68. Western Digital NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Basic Information

Table 69. Western Digital NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Overview

Table 70. Western Digital NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales (K Units), Market Size (M USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)

Table 71. Western Digital Business Overview

Table 72. Western Digital NAND Flash Memory and DRAM SWOT Analysis

Table 73. Western Digital Recent Developments

Table 74. Intel NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Basic Information

Table 75. Intel NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Overview

Table 76. Intel NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales (K Units), Market Size (M USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)

Table 77. Intel Business Overview

Table 78. Intel Recent Developments

Table 79. Nanya NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Basic Information

Table 80. Nanya NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Overview

Table 81. Nanya NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales (K Units), Market Size (M USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)

Table 82. Nanya Business Overview

Table 83. Nanya Recent Developments

Table 84. Winbond NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Basic Information

Table 85. Winbond NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Product Overview

Table 86. Winbond NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales (K Units), Market Size (M USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)

Table 87. Winbond Business Overview

Table 88. Winbond Recent Developments

Table 89. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Forecast by Region (K Units)

Table 90. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size Forecast by Region (M USD)

Table 91. North America NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Forecast by Country (2022-2028) & (K Units)

Table 92. North America NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size Forecast by Country (2022-2028) & (M USD)

Table 93. Europe NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Forecast by Country (2022-2028) & (K Units)

Table 94. Europe NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size Forecast by Country (2022-2028) & (M USD)

Table 95. Asia Pacific NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Forecast by Region (2022-2028) & (K Units)

Table 96. Asia Pacific NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size Forecast by Region (2022-2028) & (M USD)

Table 97. South America NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Forecast by Country (2022-2028) & (K Units)

Table 98. South America NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size Forecast by Country (2022-2028) & (M USD)

Table 99. Middle East and Africa NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2028) & (Units)

Table 100. Middle East and Africa NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size Forecast by Country (2022-2028) & (M USD)

Table 101. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Forecast by Type (2022-2028) & (K Units)

Table 102. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size Forecast by Type (2022-2028) & (M USD)

Table 103. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Price Forecast by Type (2022-2028) & (USD/Unit)

Table 104. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales (K Units) Forecast by Application (2022-2028)

Table 105. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size Forecast by Application (2022-2028) & (M USD)

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Product Picture of NAND Flash Memory and DRAM

Figure 2. Data Triangulation

Figure 3. Key Caveats

Figure 4. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size (M USD), 2017-2028

Figure 5. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size (M USD) (2017-2028)

Figure 6. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales (K Units) & (2017-2028)

Figure 7. Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)

Figure 8. Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)

Figure 9. Evaluation Matrix of Regional Market Development Potential

Figure 10. NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size (M USD) by Country (M USD)

Figure 11. NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2020

Figure 12. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020

Figure 13. NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2017 VS 2021

Figure 14. Global Market NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2020

Figure 15. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Revenue in 2021

Figure 16. Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)

Figure 17. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Share by Type

Figure 18. Sales Market Share of NAND Flash Memory and DRAM by Type (2017-2022)

Figure 19. Sales Market Share of NAND Flash Memory and DRAM by Type in 2021

Figure 20. Market Size Share of NAND Flash Memory and DRAM by Type (2017-2022)

Figure 21. Market Size Market Share of NAND Flash Memory and DRAM by Type in 2020

Figure 22. Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)

Figure 23. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Share by Application

Figure 24. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Figure 25. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 26. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Figure 27. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Share by Application in 2020

Figure 28. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Growth Rate by Application (2017-2022)

Figure 29. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Figure 30. North America NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 31. North America NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Market Share by Country in 2020

Figure 32. U.S. NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 33. Canada NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)

Figure 34. Mexico NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales (Units) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)

Figure 35. Europe NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 36. Europe NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Market Share by Country in 2020

Figure 37. Germany NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 38. France NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 39. U.K. NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 40. Italy NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 41. Russia NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 42. Asia Pacific NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (K Units)

Figure 43. Asia Pacific NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Market Share by Region in 2020

Figure 44. China NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 45. Japan NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 46. South Korea NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 47. India NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 48. Southeast Asia NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 49. South America NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (K Units)

Figure 50. South America NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Market Share by Country in 2020

Figure 51. Brazil NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 52. Argentina NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 53. Columbia NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 54. Middle East and Africa NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (K Units)

Figure 55. Middle East and Africa NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Market Share by Region in 2020

Figure 56. Saudi Arabia NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 57. UAE NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 58. Egypt NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 59. Nigeria NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 60. South Africa NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)

Figure 61. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Forecast by Volume (2017-2028) & (K Units)

Figure 62. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Size Forecast by Value (2017-2028) & (M USD)

Figure 63. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2028)

Figure 64. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2028)

Figure 65. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Sales Forecast by Application (2022-2028)

Figure 66. Global NAND Flash Memory and DRAM Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2028)