Table of Content



1. Introduction
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 The Insight Partners Research Report Guidance
1.3 Market Segmentation

2. Key Takeaways

3. Research Methodology
3.1 Coverage
3.2 Secondary Research
3.3 Primary Research

4. Dealer Management System Market Landscape
4.1 Market Overview
4.2 PEST Analysis
4.2.1 North America
4.2.2 Europe
4.2.3 Asia Pacific
4.2.4 Middle East & Africa
4.2.5 South America
4.3 Ecosystem Analysis
4.4 Expert Opinion

5. Dealer Management System Market – Key Market Dynamics
5.1 Market Drivers
5.1.1 Growing Advancements in Automotive Industry
5.1.2 Increasing Integration of Different Management Systems
5.2 Market Restraints
5.2.1 Growing Security Concerns
5.3 Market Opportunities
5.3.1 Advent of Autonomous Vehicles
5.4 Future Trends
5.4.1 Integration of Artificial Intelligence to Revolutionize Dealer Management Business
5.5 Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraints

6. Dealer Management System Market – Global Analysis
6.1 Dealer Management System Market Global Overview
6.2 Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
6.3 Market Positioning – Five Key Players

7. Dealer Management System Market Analysis – By Deployment
7.1 Overview
7.2 Dealer Management System Market, By Deployment (2019 and 2027)
7.3 On-Premise
7.3.1 Overview
7.3.2 On-Premise Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
7.4 Cloud
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.2 Cloud: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)

8. Dealer Management System Market Analysis – By Application
8.1 Overview
8.2 Dealer Management System Market, By Application (2019 and 2027)
8.3 Automotive
8.3.1 Overview
8.3.2 Automotive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
8.4 Mining
8.4.1 Overview
8.4.2 Mining: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
8.5 Construction
8.5.1 Overview
8.5.2 Construction: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
8.6 Agriculture
8.6.1 Overview
8.6.2 Agriculture: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
8.7 Others
8.7.1 Overview
8.7.2 Others: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)

9. Dealer Management System Market – Geographic Analysis
9.1 Overview
9.2 North America: Dealer Management System Market
9.2.1 North America: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.2.2 North America: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.2.3 North America: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.2.4 North America: Dealer Management System Market, By Country
9.2.4.1 US: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.2.4.1.1 US: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.2.4.1.2 US: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.2.4.2 Canada: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.2.4.2.1 Canada: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.2.4.2.2 Canada: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.2.4.3 Mexico: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.2.4.3.1 Mexico: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.2.4.3.2 Mexico: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.3 Europe: Dealer Management System Market
9.3.1 Europe: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.3.2 Europe: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.3.3 Europe: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.3.4 Europe: Dealer Management System Market, By Country
9.3.4.1 UK: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.3.4.1.1 UK: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.3.4.1.2 UK: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.3.4.2 Germany: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.3.4.2.1 Germany: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.3.4.2.2 Germany: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.3.4.3 France: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.3.4.3.1 France: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.3.4.3.2 France: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.3.4.4 Italy: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.3.4.4.1 Italy: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.3.4.4.2 Italy: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.3.4.5 Russia: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.3.4.5.1 Russia: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.3.4.5.2 Russia: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.3.4.6 Rest of Europe: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.3.4.6.1 Rest of Europe: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.3.4.6.2 Rest of Europe: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.4 APAC: Dealer Management System Market
9.4.1 APAC: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.4.2 APAC: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.4.3 APAC: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.4.4 APAC: Dealer Management System Market, By Country
9.4.4.1 China: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.4.4.1.1 China: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.4.4.1.2 China: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.4.4.2 Japan: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.4.4.2.1 Japan: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.4.4.2.2 Japan: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.4.4.3 India: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.4.4.3.1 India: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.4.4.3.2 India: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.4.4.4 Australia: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.4.4.4.1 Australia: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.4.4.4.2 Australia: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.4.4.5 South Korea: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.4.4.5.1 South Korea: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.4.4.5.2 South Korea: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.4.4.6 Rest of APAC: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.4.4.6.1 Rest of APAC: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.4.4.6.2 Rest of APAC: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.5 MEA: Dealer Management System Market
9.5.1 MEA: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.5.2 MEA: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.5.3 MEA: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.5.4 MEA: Dealer Management System Market, By Country
9.5.4.1 South Africa: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.5.4.1.1 South Africa: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.5.4.1.2 South Africa: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.5.4.2 Saudi Arabia: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.5.4.2.1 Saudi Arabia: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.5.4.2.2 Saudi Arabia: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.5.4.3 UAE: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.5.4.3.1 UAE: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.5.4.3.2 UAE: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.5.4.4 Rest of MEA: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.5.4.4.1 Rest of MEA: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.5.4.4.2 Rest of MEA: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.6 SAM: Dealer Management System Market
9.6.1 SAM: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.6.2 SAM: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.6.3 SAM: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.6.4 SAM: Dealer Management System Market, By Country
9.6.4.1 Brazil: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.6.4.1.1 Brazil: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.6.4.1.2 Brazil: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.6.4.2 Argentina: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.6.4.2.1 Argentina: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.6.4.2.2 Argentina: Dealer Management System Market, by Application
9.6.4.3 Rest of SAM: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
9.6.4.3.1 Rest of SAM: Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment
9.6.4.3.2 Rest of SAM: Dealer Management System Market, by Application

10. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Dealer Management System Market
10.1 Overview
10.2 North America
10.3 Europe
10.4 Asia-Pacific
10.5 Middle East and Africa
10.6 South America

11. Industry Landscape
11.1 Overview
11.2 Market Initiative
11.3 New Product Development

12. Company Profiles
12.1 Adam Systems
12.1.1 Key Facts
12.1.2 Business Description
12.1.3 Products and Services
12.1.4 Financial Overview
12.1.5 SWOT Analysis
12.1.6 Key Developments
12.2 Autosoft, Inc.
12.2.1 Key Facts
12.2.2 Business Description
12.2.3 Products and Services
12.2.4 Financial Overview
12.2.5 SWOT Analysis
12.2.6 Key Developments
12.3 BIT Dealership Software, Inc.
12.3.1 Key Facts
12.3.2 Business Description
12.3.3 Products and Services
12.3.4 Financial Overview
12.3.5 SWOT Analysis
12.3.6 Key Developments
12.4 CDK Global, Inc.
12.4.1 Key Facts
12.4.2 Business Description
12.4.3 Products and Services
12.4.4 Financial Overview
12.4.5 SWOT Analysis
12.4.6 Key Developments
12.5 Cox Automotive
12.5.1 Key Facts
12.5.2 Business Description
12.5.3 Products and Services
12.5.4 Financial Overview
12.5.5 SWOT Analysis
12.5.6 Key Developments
12.6 DealerBuilt
12.6.1 Key Facts
12.6.2 Business Description
12.6.3 Products and Services
12.6.4 Financial Overview
12.6.5 SWOT Analysis
12.6.6 Key Developments
12.7 Dominion Enterprises
12.7.1 Key Facts
12.7.2 Business Description
12.7.3 Products and Services
12.7.4 Financial Overview
12.7.5 SWOT Analysis
12.7.6 Key Developments
12.8 e-Emphasys Technologies Inc.
12.8.1 Key Facts
12.8.2 Business Description
12.8.3 Products and Services
12.8.4 Financial Overview
12.8.5 SWOT Analysis
12.8.6 Key Developments
12.9 Evopos Ltd
12.9.1 Key Facts
12.9.2 Business Description
12.9.3 Products and Services
12.9.4 Financial Overview
12.9.5 SWOT Analysis
12.9.6 Key Developments
12.10 Integrated Dealer Systems
12.10.1 Key Facts
12.10.2 Business Description
12.10.3 Products and Services
12.10.4 Financial Overview
12.10.5 SWOT Analysis
12.10.6 Key Developments

13. Appendix
13.1 About The Insight Partners
13.2 Word Index



List of Figures


Figure 1. Dealer Management System Market Segmentation
Figure 2. Dealer Management System Market Segmentation – By Geography
Figure 3. Global Dealer Management System Market Overview
Figure 4. Cloud Segment Held the Largest Market Share
Figure 5. Automotive Segment Held the Largest Market Share
Figure 6. North America – PEST Analysis
Figure 7. Europe – PEST Analysis
Figure 8. Asia Pacific – PEST Analysis
Figure 9. Middle East & Africa – PEST Analysis
Figure 10. South America – PEST Analysis
Figure 11. Expert Opinion
Figure 12. Dealer Management System Market: Impact Analysis of Drivers And Restraints
Figure 13. Geographic Overview of Dealer Management System Market
Figure 14. Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 15. Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, By Deployment (2019 and 2027)
Figure 16. On-Premise: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 17. Cloud: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 18. Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, By Application (2019 and 2027)
Figure 19. Automotive: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 20. Mining: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 21. Construction: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Agriculture: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Others: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Global Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, by Region (2019 and 2027)
Figure 25. North America: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 26. North America Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, by Deployment (2019 and 2027)
Figure 27. North America Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, by Application (2019 and 2027)
Figure 28. North America Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, By Country (2019 and 2027)
Figure 29. US: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 30. Canada: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Mexico: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Europe: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Europe Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, by Deployment (2019 and 2027)
Figure 34. Europe Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, by Application (2019 and 2027)
Figure 35. Europe Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, By Country (2019 and 2027)
Figure 36. UK: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Germany: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 38. France: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Italy: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Russia: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Rest of Europe: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 42. APAC: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 43. APAC Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, by Deployment (2019 and 2027)
Figure 44. APAC Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, by Application (2019 and 2027)
Figure 45. APAC Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, By Country (2019 and 2027)
Figure 46. China: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Japan: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 48. India: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Australia: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 50. South Korea: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Rest of APAC: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 52. MEA: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 53. MEA Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, by Deployment (2019 and 2027)
Figure 54. MEA Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, by Application (2019 and 2027)
Figure 55. MEA Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, By Country (2019 and 2027)
Figure 56. South Africa: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 57. Saudi Arabia: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 58. UAE: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Rest of MEA: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 60. SAM: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 61. SAM Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, by Deployment (2019 and 2027)
Figure 62. SAM Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, by Application (2019 and 2027)
Figure 63. SAM Dealer Management System Market Revenue Share, By Country (2019 and 2027)
Figure 64. Brazil: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 65. Argentina: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 66. Rest of SAM: Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 67. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in North American Country Markets
Figure 68. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Europe Country Markets
Figure 69. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Asia Pacific Country Markets
Figure 70. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Middle East and Africa Country Markets
Figure 71. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in South America Country Markets


List of Tables


Table 1. Dealer Management System Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 2. North America Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 3. North America Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 4. US Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 5. US Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 6. Canada Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 7. Canada Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 8. Mexico Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 9. Mexico Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 10. Europe Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 11. Europe Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 12. UK Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 13. UK Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 14. Germany Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 15. Germany Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 16. France Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 17. France Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 18. Italy Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 19. Italy Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 20. Russia Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 21. Russia Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 22. Rest of Europe Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 23. Rest of Europe Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 24. APAC Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 25. APAC Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 26. China Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 27. China Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 28. Japan Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 29. Japan Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 30. India Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 31. India Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 32. Australia Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 33. Australia Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 34. South Korea Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 35. South Korea Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 36. Rest of APAC Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 37. Rest of APAC Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 38. MEA Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 39. MEA Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 40. South Africa Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 41. South Africa Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 42. Saudi Arabia Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 43. Saudi Arabia Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 44. UAE Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 45. UAE Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Rest of MEA Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 47. Rest of MEA Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 48. SAM Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 49. SAM Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 50. Brazil Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 51. Brazil Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 52. Argentina Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 53. Argentina Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 54. Rest of SAM Dealer Management System Market, by Deployment – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 55. Rest of SAM Dealer Management System Market, by Application – Revenue and Forecast To 2027 (US$ Million)
Table 56. List of Abbreviation