Table of Content

TABLE OF CONTENT

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 MARKET INTRODUCTION
2.1 DEFINITION 14
2.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 14
2.3 LIST OF ASSUMPTIONS 15
2.4 MARKET STRUCTURE 16
2.5 MARKET ATTRACTIVE ANALYSIS 16
2.6 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE 17
2.7 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE 18
2.8 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE 19
2.9 KEY BUYING CRITERIA 19

3 MARKET INSIGHTS

4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4.1 RESEARCH PROCESS 22
4.2 PRIMARY RESEARCH 23
4.3 SECONDARY RESEARCH 24
4.4 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 25
4.5 FORECAST MODEL 25

5 MARKET DYNAMICS
5.1 INTRODUCTION 26
5.2 DRIVERS 27
5.2.1 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES TO ENCOURAGE ELECTRIC VEHICLE ADOPTION 27
5.2.2 DEMAND FOR ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELERS AMONG TOURISTS 28
5.2.3 STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENTS FOR GROWTH BY MAJOR PLAYERS 29
5.2.4 DRIVERS IMPACT ANALYSIS 30
5.3 RESTRAINTS 30
5.3.1 HIGH PRICES OF ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELERS AND BATTERIES 30
5.3.2 UNDERDEVELOPED CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE AND POOR AFTERMARKET SERVICES 30
5.3.3 RESTRAINT IMPACT ANALYSIS 31
5.4 OPPORTUNITY 31
5.4.1 IMPROVEMENT OF BATTERY CAPACITY AND REDUCTION OF CHARGING DURATION 31

6 MARKET FACTOR ANALYSIS
6.1 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES MODEL 32
6.1.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS 32
6.1.2 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 33
6.1.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 33
6.1.4 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES 33
6.1.5 RIVALRY 33
6.2 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS: GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET 34
6.2.1 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 34
6.2.2 RAW MATERIAL/COMPONENT SUPPLY 35
6.2.3 ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MANUFACTURING/ASSEMBLY 35
6.2.4 ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELERS SUPPLY 35
6.2.5 END USE 35

7 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE
7.1 OVERVIEW 36
7.2 ELECTRIC MOTORCYCLE 36
7.3 ELECTRIC SCOOTER 36

8 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE
8.1 OVERVIEW 38
8.2 SEALED LEAD ACID 38
8.3 LITHIUM-ION 38
8.4 OTHERS 38

9 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE
9.1 OVERVIEW 40
9.2 24V 40
9.3 36V 40
9.4 48V 40
9.5 MORE THAN 48V 41

10 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY REGION
10.1 INTRODUCTION 42
10.2 ASIA-PACIFIC 43
10.2.1 CHINA 45
10.2.2 JAPAN 46
10.2.3 INDIA 47
10.2.4 REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC 49
10.3 EUROPE 51
10.3.1 FRANCE 53
10.3.2 SPAIN 54
10.3.3 ITALY 56
10.3.4 UK 57
10.3.5 REST OF EUROPE 59
10.4 NORTH AMERICA 61
10.4.1 US 63
10.4.2 CANADA 64
10.5 REST OF THE WORLD 66
10.5.1 LATIN AMERICA 68
10.5.2 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA 69

11 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
11.1 COMPETITIVE OVERVIEW 71
11.2 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, SHARE ANALYSIS, 2018 (%) 71
11.3 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, SHARE ANALYSIS, 2018 (%) 72
11.4 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING 72
11.5 KEY STRATEGY ANALYSIS 73
11.6 LEADING PLAYERS (IN TERMS OF NUMBER OF DEVELOPMENTS) IN GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET 73

12 COMPANY PROFILES
12.1 JIANGSU XINRI E-VEHICLE CO., LTD (SUNRA) 74
12.1.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 74
12.1.2 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 74
12.1.3 PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 74
12.1.4 KEY DEVELOPMENTS (2015–2019) 75
12.1.5 SWOT ANALYSIS 75
12.1.6 KEY STRATEGIES 75
12.2 WUXI YADEA EXPORT-IMPORT CO., LTD 76
12.2.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 76
12.2.2 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 76
12.2.3 PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 77
12.2.4 KEY DEVELOPMENTS (2015–2019) 78
12.2.5 SWOT ANALYSIS 79
12.2.6 KEY STRATEGIES 79
?
12.3 VMOTO LIMITED 80
12.3.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 80
12.3.2 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 80
12.3.3 PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 81
12.3.4 KEY DEVELOPMENTS (2015–2019) 81
12.3.5 SWOT ANALYSIS 82
12.3.6 KEY STRATEGIES 82
12.4 NIU INTERNATIONAL 83
12.4.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 83
12.4.2 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 83
12.4.3 PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 83
12.4.4 KEY DEVELOPMENTS (2015–2019) 84
12.4.5 SWOT ANALYSIS 84
12.4.6 KEY STRATEGIES 84
12.5 ENERGICA MOTOR COMPANY S.P.A. 85
12.5.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 85
12.5.2 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 85
12.5.3 PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 86
12.5.4 KEY DEVELOPMENTS (2015–2019) 86
12.5.5 SWOT ANALYSIS 87
12.5.6 KEY STRATEGIES 87
12.6 GOVECS AG 88
12.6.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 88
12.6.2 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 88
12.6.3 PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 89
12.7 CHINA ZHONGNENG VEHICLE GROUP 90
12.7.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 90
12.7.2 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 90
12.7.3 PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 90
12.8 ZERO MOTORCYCLES, INC 92
12.8.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 92
12.8.2 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 92
12.8.3 PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 92
12.8.4 KEY DEVELOPMENTS (2015–2019) 92
?
12.9 HERO ELECTRIC 93
12.9.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 93
12.9.2 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 93
12.9.3 PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 93
12.9.4 KEY DEVELOPMENTS (2015–2019) 93
12.10 AMPERE VEHICLES 94
12.10.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 94
12.10.2 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 94
12.10.3 PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 94
12.10.4 KEY DEVELOPMENTS (2015–2019) 94

13 APPENDIX
13.1 REFERENCES 95
13.2 RELATED REPORTS 95



List of Figures


List of Tables


FIGURE 1 MARKET SYNOPSIS 13

FIGURE 2 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET: MARKET STRUCTURE 16

FIGURE 3 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET: MARKET ATTRACTIVE ANALYSIS 16

FIGURE 4 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 17

FIGURE 5 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 18

FIGURE 6 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 19

FIGURE 7 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET: KEY BUYING CRITERIA 19

FIGURE 8 ASIA-PACIFIC: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET SIZE & MARKET SHARE BY COUNTRY, BY VALUE (2018 VS 2025) 20

FIGURE 9 EUROPE: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET SIZE & MARKET SHARE BY COUNTRY, BY VALUE (2018 VS 2025) 20

FIGURE 10 NORTH AMERICA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET SIZE & MARKET SHARE BY COUNTRY, BY VALUE (2018 VS 2025) 21

FIGURE 11 REST OF THE WORLD: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET SIZE & MARKET SHARE BY REGION, BY VALUE (2018 VS 2025) 21

FIGURE 12 RESEARCH PROCESS OF MRFR 22

FIGURE 13 TOP-DOWN & BOTTOM-UP APPROACHES 25

FIGURE 14 DRO ANALYSIS: GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET 26

FIGURE 15 INTERNATIONAL TOURIST ARRIVALS, 2016 VS 2017(MILLION) 28

FIGURE 16 DRIVERS IMPACT ANALYSIS: GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET 30

FIGURE 17 RESTRAINT IMPACT ANALYSIS: GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET 31

FIGURE 18 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS: GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELERS MARKET 32

FIGURE 19 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS: GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELERS MARKET 34

FIGURE 20 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2018 (% SHARE) 36

FIGURE 21 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2018 (% SHARE) 39

FIGURE 22 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2018 (% SHARE) 41

FIGURE 23 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET SHARE, BY REGION, 2018 (%) (USD MILLION) 42

FIGURE 24 ASIA-PACIFIC: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018 (% SHARE) 43

FIGURE 25 EUROPE: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018 (%) 51

FIGURE 26 NORTH AMERICA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018 (%) 61

FIGURE 27 REST OF THE WORLD: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY REGION, 2018 (% SHARE) 66

FIGURE 28 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2018 71

FIGURE 29 KEY STRATEGY ANALYSIS: GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET 73

FIGURE 30 JIANGSU XINRI E-VEHICLE CO., LTD: SWOT ANALYSIS 75

FIGURE 31 YADEA GROUP HOLDINGS LTD (PARENT COMPANY): TOTAL REVENUE, 2016–2018 (USD MILLION) 76

FIGURE 32 WUXI YADEA EXPORT-IMPORT CO., LTD: SWOT ANALYSIS 79

FIGURE 33 VMOTO LIMITED: TOTAL REVENUE, 2016–2018 (USD MILLION) 80

FIGURE 34 VMOTO LIMITED: SWOT ANALYSIS 82

FIGURE 35 NIU INTERNATIONAL: TOTAL REVENUE, 2017–2018 (USD MILLION) 83

FIGURE 36 NIU INTERNATIONAL: SWOT ANALYSIS 84

FIGURE 37 ENERGICA MOTOR COMPANY S.P.A.: TOTAL REVENUE, 2016–2018 (USD MILLION) 85

FIGURE 38 ENERGICA MOTOR COMPANY S.P.A.: SWOT ANALYSIS 87

FIGURE 39 GOVECS AG: TOTAL REVENUE, 2016–2018 (USD MILLION) 88


List of Tables


TABLE 1 LIST OF ASSUMPTIONS 15

TABLE 2 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 37

TABLE 3 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 39

TABLE 4 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 41

TABLE 5 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 42

TABLE 6 ASIA-PACIFIC: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 43

TABLE 7 ASIA-PACIFIC: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 44

TABLE 8 ASIA-PACIFIC: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 44

TABLE 9 ASIA-PACIFIC: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 44

TABLE 10 CHINA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 45

TABLE 11 CHINA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 45

TABLE 12 CHINA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 46

TABLE 13 JAPAN: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 46

TABLE 14 JAPAN: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 47

TABLE 15 JAPAN: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 47

TABLE 16 INDIA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 48

TABLE 17 INDIA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 48

TABLE 18 INDIA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 48

TABLE 19 REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 49

TABLE 20 REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 49

TABLE 21 REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 50

TABLE 22 EUROPE: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 51

TABLE 23 EUROPE: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 52

TABLE 24 EUROPE: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 52

TABLE 25 EUROPE: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 52

TABLE 26 FRANCE: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 53

TABLE 27 FRANCE: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 53

TABLE 28 FRANCE: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 54

TABLE 29 SPAIN: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 54

TABLE 30 SPAIN: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 55

TABLE 31 SPAIN: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 55

TABLE 32 ITALY: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 56

TABLE 33 ITALY: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 56

TABLE 34 ITALY: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 57

TABLE 35 UK: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 57

TABLE 36 UK: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 58

TABLE 37 UK: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 58

TABLE 38 REST OF EUROPE: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 59

TABLE 39 REST OF EUROPE: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 59

TABLE 40 REST OF EUROPE: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 60

TABLE 41 NORTH AMERICA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 61

TABLE 42 NORTH AMERICA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 62

TABLE 43 NORTH AMERICA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 62

TABLE 44 NORTH AMERICA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 62

TABLE 45 US: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 63

TABLE 46 US: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 63

TABLE 47 US: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 64

TABLE 48 CANADA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 64

TABLE 49 CANADA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 65

TABLE 50 CANADA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 65

TABLE 51 REST OF THE WORLD: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY REGION, 2017-2025 (USD MILLION) 66

TABLE 52 REST OF THE WORLD: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 67

TABLE 53 REST OF THE WORLD: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 67

TABLE 54 REST OF THE WORLD: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 67

TABLE 55 LATIN AMERICA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 68

TABLE 56 LATIN AMERICA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 68

TABLE 57 LATIN AMERICA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 69

TABLE 58 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 69

TABLE 59 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 70

TABLE 60 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET, BY VOLTAGE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 70

TABLE 61 GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2018 72

TABLE 62 BENCHMARKING OF MAJOR COMPETITORS 72

TABLE 63 LIST OF ACTIVE PLAYERS IN THE GLOBAL ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET 73

TABLE 64 JIANGSU XINRI E-VEHICLE CO., LTD: PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 74

TABLE 65 WUXI YADEA EXPORT-IMPORT CO., LTD: PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 77

TABLE 66 WUXI YADEA EXPORT-IMPORT CO., LTD: KEY DEVELOPMENTS 78

TABLE 67 VMOTO LIMITED: PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 81

TABLE 68 VMOTO LIMITED: KEY DEVELOPMENTS 81

TABLE 69 NIU INTERNATIONAL: PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 83

TABLE 70 NIU INTERNATIONAL: KEY DEVELOPMENTS 84

TABLE 71 ENERGICA MOTOR COMPANY S.P.A.: PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 86

TABLE 72 ENERGICA MOTOR COMPANY S.P.A.: KEY DEVELOPMENTS 86

TABLE 73 GOVECS AG: PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 89

TABLE 74 CHINA ZHONGNENG VEHICLE GROUP: PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 90

TABLE 75 ZERO MOTORCYCLES, INC.: PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 92

TABLE 76 ZERO MOTORCYCLES, INC.: KEY DEVELOPMENTS 92

TABLE 77 HERO ELECTRIC: PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 93

TABLE 78 HERO ELECTRIC: KEY DEVELOPMENTS 93

TABLE 79 AMPERE VEHICLES: PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED 94

TABLE 80 AMPERE VEHICLES: KEY DEVELOPMENTS 94