Table of Content

Executive Summary
1 Market Overview
1.1 History of Hearing Aids
1.2 Mechanism of a Hearing Aid
1.3 Factors Propelling the Market Growth
1.3.1 Prevalence of Hearing Loss
1.3.2 Demand for Compact Hearing Aid Devices
1.4 Classification of Hearing Aids Market
1.5 Future Market Potential of Hearing Aids

2 Market Dynamics
2.1 Impact Analysis
2.2 Market Drivers
2.2.1 Increasing Prevalence of Hearing Loss
2.2.2 Growing Incidence of Occupational Hazards
2.2.3 Rising Demand for Compact Hearing Aids
2.2.4 Rise in Self-Reported Cases of Hearing Loss
2.3 Market Restraints and Challenges
2.3.1 Complications Associated with Surgical Procedures
2.3.2 Unauthorized Sales of Hearing Aid Devices
2.3.3 Non-Uniform Reimbursement Scenario
2.4 Market Opportunities
2.4.1 Increasing Demand for Custom-made Hearing Aids
2.4.2 Product Launches
2.4.3 Brand Consolidation

3 Competitive Landscape
3.1 Key Strategies and Development
3.1.1 Product Launch and Enhancements
3.1.2 Collaborations, Partnership, Joint Ventures, and Agreements
3.1.3 Mergers and Acquisitions
3.1.4 Business Expansion
3.2 Market Share Analysis
3.3 Industry Attractiveness
3.3.1 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
3.3.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
3.3.3 Threat of New Entrants
3.3.4 Threat of Substitute Products
3.3.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry

4 Industry Insights
4.1 Regulatory Framework
4.1.1 Regulatory Framework in the U.S.
4.1.2 Regulatory Framework in Europe
4.1.3 Regulatory Framework in Asia-Pacific
4.1.3.1 Japan
4.1.3.2 Australia
4.1.3.3 China
4.2 List of Regulatory Bodies

5 Global Hearing Aids Market (by Product)
5.1 Assumptions and Limitations
5.2 Overview
5.3 Hearing Aid Devices
5.3.1 Global Hearing Aid Devices Market (by Type)
5.3.1.1 Behind-the-Ear (BTE)
5.3.1.2 In-the-Ear (ITE)
5.3.1.3 In-the-canal (ITC) and Completely-in-the-canal (CIC)
5.3.2 Global Hearing Aid Devices Market (by Region)
5.4 Hearing Implants
5.4.1 Global Hearing Implants Market (by Type)
5.4.1.1 Cochlear Implants
5.4.1.2 BAHA Implants
5.4.2 Global Hearing Implants Market (by Region)

6 Global Hearing Aids Market (by Distribution Channel)
6.1 Overview
6.2 Audiology and ENT Clinics
6.3 Hospitals
6.4 Pharmacies

7 Global Hearing Aids Market (by Region)
7.1 Overview
7.2 North America
7.2.1 North America Hearing Aids Market (by Country)
7.2.1.1 The U.S.
7.2.1.1.1 Hearing Implants Market in the U.S.
7.2.1.1.1.1 Cochlear Implants Market in the U.S.
7.2.1.1.1.2 BAHA Implants in the U.S.
7.2.1.1.2 Hearing Aid Devices Market in the U.S.
7.2.1.2 Canada
7.2.1.2.1 Hearing Implants Market in Canada
7.2.1.2.1.1 Cochlear Implants in Canada
7.2.1.2.1.2 BAHA Implants in Canada
7.2.1.2.2 Hearing Aid Devices in Canada
7.3 Europe
7.3.1 Europe Hearing Aids Market (by Country)
7.3.1.1 The U.K.
7.3.1.1.1 Hearing Implants Market in the U.K.
7.3.1.1.1.1 Cochlear Implants in the U.K.
7.3.1.1.1.2 BAHA Implants in the U.K.
7.3.1.1.2 Hearing Aid Devices Market in the U.K.
7.3.1.2 Germany
7.3.1.2.1 Hearing Implants Market in Germany
7.3.1.2.1.1 Cochlear Implants in Germany
7.3.1.2.1.2 BAHA Implants in Germany
7.3.1.2.2 Hearing Aid Devices Market in Germany
7.3.1.3 France
7.3.1.3.1 Hearing Implants Market in France
7.3.1.3.1.1 Cochlear Implants in France
7.3.1.3.1.2 BAHA Implants in France
7.3.1.3.2 Hearing Aid Devices Market in France
7.3.1.4 Rest-of-Europe
7.3.1.4.1 Hearing Implants Market in Rest-of-Europe
7.3.1.4.1.1 Cochlear Implants in Rest-of-Europe
7.3.1.4.1.2 BAHA Implants in Rest-of-Europe
7.3.1.4.2 Hearing Aid Devices Market in Rest-of-Europe
7.4 Asia-Pacific
7.4.1 Asia-Pacific Hearing Aids Market (by Country)
7.4.1.1 Australia
7.4.1.1.1 Hearing Implants in Australia
7.4.1.1.1.1 Cochlear Implants in Australia
7.4.1.1.1.2 BAHA Implants in Australia
7.4.1.1.2 Hearing Aid Devices in Australia
7.4.1.2 Japan
7.4.1.2.1 Hearing Implants in Japan
7.4.1.2.1.1 Cochlear Implants in Japan
7.4.1.2.1.2 BAHA Implants in Japan
7.4.1.2.2 Hearing Aid Devices in Japan
7.4.1.3 China
7.4.1.3.1 Hearing Implants in China
7.4.1.3.1.1 Cochlear Implants in China
7.4.1.3.1.2 BAHA Implants in China
7.4.1.3.2 Hearing Aid Devices in China
7.4.1.4 India
7.4.1.4.1 Hearing Implants in India
7.4.1.4.1.1 Cochlear Implants in India
7.4.1.4.1.2 BAHA Implants in India
7.4.1.4.2 Hearing Aid Devices in India
7.4.1.5 Rest-of-Asia-Pacific
7.4.1.5.1 Hearing Implants in Rest-of-Asia-Pacific
7.4.1.5.1.1 BAHA Implants in Rest-of-Asia-Pacific
7.4.1.5.1.2 BAHA Implants in Rest-of-Asia-Pacific
7.4.1.5.2 Hearing Aid Devices in Rest-of-Asia-Pacific
7.5 Latin America
7.5.1 Latin America Hearing Aids Market (by Country)
7.5.1.1 Brazil
7.5.1.1.1 Hearing Implants in Brazil
7.5.1.1.1.1 Cochlear Implants in Brazil
7.5.1.1.1.2 BAHA Implants in Brazil
7.5.1.1.2 Hearing Aid Devices in Brazil
7.5.1.2 Mexico
7.5.1.2.1 Hearing Implants in Mexico
7.5.1.2.1.1 Cochlear Implants in Mexico
7.5.1.2.1.2 BAHA Implants in Mexico
7.5.1.2.2 Hearing Aid Devices in Mexico
7.6 Rest-of-the-World

8 Company Profiles
8.1 Overview
8.2 Arphi Electronics Private Limited
8.2.1 Company Overview
8.2.2 Role of Arphi Electronics Private Limited in the Global Hearing Aids Market
8.2.3 SWOT Analysis
8.3 Audina Hearing Instruments Inc.
8.3.1 Company Overview
8.3.2 Role of Audina Hearing Instruments Inc. for Global Hearing Aids Market
8.3.3 SWOT Analysis
8.4 Cochlear Limited
8.4.1 Company Overview
8.4.2 Role of Cochlear Limited in the Global Hearing Aids Market
8.4.3 Financials
8.4.4 SWOT Analysis
8.5 GN Store Nord A/S
8.5.1 Company Overview
8.5.2 Role of GN Store Nord A/S in the Global Hearing Aids Market
8.5.3 Financials
8.5.4 SWOT Analysis
8.6 MED-EL
8.6.1 Company Overview
8.6.2 Role of MED-EL in the Global Hearing Aids Market
8.6.3 SWOT Analysis
8.7 Microson
8.7.1 Company Overview
8.7.2 Role of Microson in the Global Hearing Aids Market
8.7.3 SWOT Analysis
8.8 NewSound Hearing Aids
8.8.1 Company Overview
8.8.2 Role of NewSound Hearing Aids in the Global Hearing Aids Market
8.8.3 SWOT Analysis
8.9 Nurotron Biotechnology Co. Ltd.
8.9.1 Company Overview
8.9.2 Role of Nurotron Biotechnology Co. Ltd. In the Global Hearing Aids Market
8.9.3 SWOT Analysis
8.10 RION Co. Ltd.
8.10.1 Company Overview
8.10.2 Role of Rion Co. Ltd. in the Global Hearing Aids Market
8.10.3 Financials
8.10.4 SWOT Analysis
8.11 Sonova Holding AG
8.11.1 Company Overview
8.11.2 Role of Sonova Holding AG in the Global Hearing Aids Market
8.11.3 Financials
8.11.4 SWOT Analysis
8.12 Starkey Hearing Technologies
8.12.1 Company Overview
8.12.2 Role of Starkey Hearing Technologies in the Global Hearing Aids Market
8.12.3 SWOT Analysis
8.13 Widex A/S
8.13.1 Company Overview
8.13.2 Role of Widex A/S in the Global Hearing Aids Market
8.13.3 SWOT Analysis
8.14 William Demant Holding A/S
8.14.1 Company Overview
8.14.2 Role of William Demant Holding A/S in the Global Hearing Aids Market
8.14.3 Financials
8.14.4 SWOT Analysis
8.15 Zounds Hearing Inc.
8.15.1 Company Overview
8.15.2 Role of Zounds Hearing Inc. in the Global Hearing Aids Market
8.15.3 SWOT Analysis

9 Research Scope and Methodology
9.1 Report Scope
9.2 Research Methodology



List of Tables



Table 1: Projected Hearing Loss Population Across the World by the WHO
Table 2.1: Impact Analysis of Market Drivers in Global Hearing Aids Market
Table 2.2: Impact Analysis of Market Restraints in Global Hearing Aids Market
Table 2.3: Projected Hearing Loss Population Across the World by the WHO
Table 2.4: Prevalence of Hearing Loss Across the World
Table 4.1: Referral Route Followed in European Countries
Table 4.2: List of Regulatory Bodies
Table 5.1: Global Hearing Aid Devices Market (by Region), 2018, 2023, and 2028
Table 5.2: Market Attractiveness of Global Hearing Aid Devices Market (by Product)
Table 5.3: Global Hearing Implants Market (by Region), 2018, 2023, and 2028
Table 5.4: Market Attractiveness of Global Hearing Implants Market (by Product)
Table 6.1: Market Attractiveness of Global Hearing Aids Market by Distribution Channels
Table 7.1: Global Hearing Implants Market ($Million), 2018-2028
Table 7.2: North America Hearing Implants Market ($Million), 2018-2028
Table 7.3: Europe Hearing Implants Market ($Million), 2018-2028
Table 7.4: Asia-Pacific Hearing Implants Market ($Million), 2018-2028
Table 7.5: Latin America Hearing Implants Market ($Million), 2018-2028
Table 7.6: Hearing Implants Market in RoW ($Million), 2018-2028
Table 8.1: Company Overview- Arphi Electronics Private Limited
Table 8.2: Company Overview- Audina Hearing Instruments Inc.
Table 8.3: Company Overview- Cochlear Limited
Table 8.4: Company Overview- GN Store Nord A/S
Table 8.5: Company Overview- MED-EL
Table 8.6: Company Overview- Microson
Table 8.7: Company Overview- NewSound Hearing Aids
Table 8.8: Company Overview- Nurotron Biotechnology Co. Ltd.
Table 8.9: Company Overview- RION Co., Ltd.
Table 8.10: Company Overview- Sonova Holding AG
Table 8.11: Company Overview- Starkey Hearing Technologies
Table 8.12: Company Overview- Widex A/S
Table 8.13: Company Overview- William Demant Holding A/S
Table 8.14: Company Overview- Zounds Hearing Inc.

List of Figures

Figure 1: Global Hearing Aid Devices, 2018-2028
Figure 2: Global Hearing Aids Market (by Distribution Channel), Market Share 2018
Figure 3: Global Hearing Aids Market (by Region), 2018-2028
Figure.4: Global Hearing Aids Market: Competitive Landscape
Figure 5: Share of Key Developments and Strategies in the Global Hearing Aids Market
Figure 6: Market Share Analysis (by Companies) for the Global Hearing Implants Market, 2018
Figure 7: Market Share Analysis (by Companies) for the Global Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018
Figure 8: Market Statistics
Figure 1.1: Evolution of Hearing Aid Devices
Figure 1.2: Classification of Hearing Aids Market
Figure 1.3: Classification of Hearing Aids (by Product)
Figure 3.1: Competitive Landscape
Figure 3.2: Share of Key Developments and Strategies
Figure 3.3: Product Launch and Enhancements Share (by Companies)
Figure 3.4: Collaborations, Partnership, Joint Ventures, and Agreements Share (by Companies)
Figure 3.5: Mergers and Acquisitions Share (by Companies)
Figure 3.6: Market Share Analysis (by Companies) for the Global Hearing Implants Market, 2018
Figure 3.7: Market Share Analysis (by Companies) for the Global Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018
Figure 3.8: Industry Attractiveness (Porter’s Five Forces Analysis)
Figure 3.9: Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Overall Impact
Figure 3.10: Bargaining Power of Buyers: Overall Impact
Figure 3.11: Threat of New Entrants: Overall Impact
Figure 3.12: Threat of Substitute Products: Overall Impact
Figure 3.13: Intensity of Competitive Rivalry: Overall Impact
Figure 5.1: Global Hearing Aids Market, by Product, Market Share, 2018
Figure 5.2: Global Hearing Aids Market (by Product), 2018, 2023, and 2028
Figure 5.3: Global Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018-2028
Figure 5.4: BTE in the Global Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018-2028
Figure 5.5: ITE in the Global Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018-2028
Figure 5.6: ITC and CIC in the Global Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018-2028
Figure 5.7: Global Hearing Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 5.8: Cochlear Implants in the Global Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 5.9: BAHA Implants in the Global Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 6.1: Types of Distribution Channels in the Global Hearing Aids Market
Figure 6.2: Global Hearing Aids Market (by Distribution Channel), Market Share, 2018
Figure 6.3: Audiology and ENT Clinics in the Global Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 6.4: Hospitals in the Global Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 6.5: Pharmacies in the Global Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.1: Global Hearing Aids Market (by Region), Market Share, 2018
Figure 7.2: Global Hearing Implants Market (by Region), Market Share, 2018
Figure 7.3: Global Hearing Aid Devices Market (by Region), Market Share, 2018
Figure 7.4: North America: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.5: North America- Market Dynamics
Figure 7.6: North America: Hearing Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.7: The U.S.: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.8: The U.S.: Hearing Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.9: The U.S.: Cochlear Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.10: The U.S.: BAHA Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.11: The U.S.: Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.12: Canada: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.13: Canada: Hearing Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.14: Canada: Cochlear Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.15: Canada: BAHA Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.16: Canada: Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.17: Europe: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.18: Europe- Market Dynamics
Figure 7.19: Europe: Hearing Implants Market, 2018, 2023, and 2028
Figure 7.20: The U.K.: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.21: The U.K.: Hearing Implants Market, 2019-2028
Figure 7.22: The U.K.: Cochlear Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.23: The U.K.: BAHA Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.24: The U.K.: Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.25: Germany: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.26: Germany: Hearing Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.27: Germany: Cochlear Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.28: Germany: BAHA Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.29: Germany: Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.30: France: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.31: France: Hearing Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.32: France: Cochlear Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.33: France: BAHA Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.34: France: Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.35: Rest-of-Europe: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.36: Rest-of-Europe: Hearing Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.37: Rest-of-Europe: Cochlear Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.38: Rest-of-Europe: BAHA Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.39: Rest-of-Europe: Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.40: Asia-Pacific: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.41: Asia-Pacific- Market Dynamics
Figure 7.42: Asia-Pacific: Hearing Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.43: Australia: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.44: Australia: Hearing Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.45: Australia: Cochlear Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.46: Australia: BAHA Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.47: Australia: Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.48: Japan: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.49: Japan: Hearing Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.50: Japan: Cochlear Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.51: Japan: BAHA Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.52: Japan: Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.53: China: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.54: China: Hearing Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.55: China: Cochlear Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.56: China: BAHA Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.57: China: Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.58: India: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.59: India: Hearing Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.60: India: Cochlear Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.61: India: BAHA Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.62: India: Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.63: Rest-of-Asia-Pacific: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.64: Rest-of-Asia-Pacific: Hearing Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.65: Rest-of-Asia-Pacific: Cochlear Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.66: Rest-of-Asia-Pacific: BAHA Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.67: Rest-of-Asia-Pacific: Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.68: Latin America: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.69: Latin America- Market Dynamics
Figure 7.70: Latin America: Hearing Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.71: Brazil: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.72: Brazil: Hearing Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.73: Brazil: Cochlear Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.74: Brazil: BAHA Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.75: Brazil: Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.76: Mexico: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.77: Mexico: Hearing Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.78: Mexico: Cochlear Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.79: Mexico: BAHA Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.80: Mexico: Hearing Aid Devices Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.81: RoW: Hearing Aids Market, 2018-2028
Figure 7.82: RoW- Market Dynamics
Figure 7.83: RoW: Hearing Implants Market, 2018-2028
Figure 8.1: Number of Companies Profiled: Global Hearing Aids Market, 2018
Figure 8.2: Arphi Electronics Private Limited, Global Presence
Figure 8.3: Arphi Electronics Private Limited: SWOT Analysis
Figure 8.4: Audina Hearing Instruments Inc.: Product Portfolio
Figure 8.5: Audina Hearing Instruments Inc., Global Presence
Figure 8.6: Audina Hearing Instruments Inc.: SWOT Analysis
Figure 8.7: Cochlear Limited: Product Portfolio
Figure 8.8: Cochlear Limited, Overall Financials, 2016-2018
Figure 8.9: Cochlear Limited, Total Sales Revenue (by Segment), 2016-2018
Figure 8.10: Cochlear Limited, Cochlear Implants, Unit Sales, 2010-2018
Figure 8.11: Cochlear Limited, Total Sales Revenue, 2013-2018
Figure 8.12: Cochlear Limited, Global Presence
Figure 8.13: Cochlear Limited: SWOT Analysis
Figure 8.14: GN Store Nord A/S: Product Portfolio
Figure 8.15: GN Store Nord, Total Sales Revenue, 2014-2018
Figure 8.16: GN Hearing, Total Sales Revenue, 2016-2018
Figure 8.17: GN Store Nord A/S, Global Presence
Figure 8.18: GN Store Nord A/S: SWOT Analysis
Figure 8.19: MED-EL: Product Portfolio
Figure 8.20: MED-EL, Global Presence
Figure 8.21: MED-EL: SWOT Analysis
Figure 8.22: Microson: Product Portfolio
Figure 8.23: Microson, Global Presence
Figure 8.24: Microson: SWOT Analysis
Figure 8.25: NewSound Hearing Aids: Product Portfolio
Figure 8.26: NewSound Hearing Aids, Global Presence
Figure 8.27: NewSound Hearing Aids: SWOT Analysis
Figure 8.28: NewSound Hearing Aids, Global Presence
Figure 8.29: Nurotron Biotechnology Co. Ltd.: SWOT Analysis
Figure 8.30: RION Co Ltd.: Product Portfolio
Figure 8.31: RION Co., Ltd., Total Sales Revenue, 2015-2018
Figure 8.32: RION Co. Ltd., Global Presence
Figure 8.33: RION Co. Ltd.: SWOT Analysis
Figure 8.34: Sonova Holding AG: Product Portfolio
Figure 8.35: Sonova Holding AG, Total Sales Revenue, 2017-2018
Figure 8.36: Sonova Holding AG, Global Presence
Figure 8.37: Sonova Holding AG: SWOT Analysis
Figure 8.38: Starkey Hearing Technologies: Product Portfolio
Figure 8.39: Starkey Hearing Technologies, Global Presence
Figure 8.40: Starkey Hearing Technologies: SWOT Analysis
Figure 8.41: Widex A/S: Product Portfolio
Figure 8.42: Widex A/S, Global Presence
Figure 8.43: Widex A/S: SWOT Analysis
Figure 8.44: William Demant Holding A/S: Product Portfolio
Figure 8.45: William Demant Holding A/S, Global Presence
Figure 8.46: William Demant Holding A/S, Total Sales Revenue, 2014-2018
Figure 8.47: William Demant Holding A/S, Regional Revenue, 2018
Figure 8.48: William Demant Holding A/S: SWOT Analysis
Figure 8.49: Zounds Hearing Inc.: SWOT Analysis
Figure 9.1: Global Hearing Aids: Market Segmentation
Figure 9.2: Global Hearing Aids Market (by Product)
Figure 9.3: Hearing Aids Market Research Methodology
Figure 9.4: Primary Research
Figure 9.5: Secondary Research
Figure 9.6: Data Triangulation
Figure 9.7: Top-Down Approach (Segment-wise Analysis)
Figure 9.8: Bottom-Up Approach (Segment-wise Analysis)
Figure 9.9: Assumptions and Limitations
Figure 9.10: Factors Considered for Data Prediction and Modeling