Table of Content

1 INTRODUCTION 15
1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 15
1.2 DEFINITION 15
1.3 MARKET SCOPE 16
1.3.1 MARKET SEGMENTATION 16
1.3.2 REGIONAL SCOPE 16
1.4 YEARS CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY 17
1.5 CURRENCY 17
1.6 LIMITATION 17
1.7 STAKEHOLDERS 18

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 19
2.1 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 20
2.1.1 DEMAND-SIDE ANALYSIS 20
2.1.1.1 Assumptions 20
2.1.2 SUPPLY-SIDE ANALYSIS 21
2.1.2.1 Assumptions 21
2.1.2.2 Calculation 21
2.1.3 FORECAST 22
2.2 SOME OF THE INSIGHTS OF INDUSTRY EXPERTS 22

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 23

4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 27
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES IN THE LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET DURING THE FORECAST PERIOD 27
4.2 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET, BY REGION 28
4.3 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET, BY TYPE 28
4.4 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET, BY END-USER 29
4.5 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET, BY APPLICATION 29

5 MARKET OVERVIEW 30
5.1 INTRODUCTION 30
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 30
5.2.1 DRIVERS 31
5.2.1.1 Increase in the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources 31
5.2.1.2 Increasing investments in smart grids to ensure grid stability 32
5.2.1.3 Shift toward decentralized power generation & energy storage 33
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS 34
5.2.2.1 Inconsistencies leading to vulnerability causing operational failures 34
5.2.2.2 Lack of existing government policies specific to low voltage DC circuit breakers 34
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 35
5.2.3.1 Development of smart cities & electric vehicles 35
5.2.3.2 Replacement of old & aging electrical infrastructure 35
5.2.3.3 Demand for uninterrupted power supply from utilities 36
5.2.4 CHALLENGES 36
5.2.4.1 Expensive when compared to alternative products 36
5.2.4.2 Concerns about the cybersecurity of the power grid 36

6 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET, BY TYPE 37
6.1 INTRODUCTION 38
6.2 BY TYPE 39
6.2.1 AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER 39
6.2.1.1 Finds usage mostly in commercial segments 39
6.2.2 MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER 39
6.2.2.1 Mostly used in the low voltage category 39
6.2.3 OTHERS 40

7 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET, BY APPLICATION 41
7.1 INTRODUCTION 42
7.2 BY APPLICATION 43
7.2.1 INDUSTRIAL 43
7.2.1.1 Increasing automation is likely to drive the market 43
7.2.2 COMMERCIAL 43
7.2.2.1 Growing commercial areas globally would drive the market 43
7.2.3 OTHERS 44

8 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET, BY END-USER 45
8.1 INTRODUCTION 46
8.2 END-USER 47
8.2.1 BATTERY SYSTEM 47
8.2.1.1 Battery system segment is expected to experience huge growth in Asia Pacific and North American markets 47
8.2.2 DATA CENTER 48
8.2.2.1 With increasing digitization, the segment is expected to develop massively 48
8.2.3 SOLAR 49
8.2.3.1 The major segment driving the renewables market ahead 49
?
8.2.4 TRANSPORTATION 50
8.2.4.1 Charging stations for electric vehicles are expected to have massive investments in North America and Europe 50
8.2.5 OTHERS 50

9 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET, BY REGION 52
9.1 INTRODUCTION 53
9.2 ASIA PACIFIC 55
9.2.1 CHINA 59
9.2.1.1 Major capacity building is expected to take place in the energy storage and renewables space 59
9.2.2 INDIA 60
9.2.2.1 India has increased its 2022 renewables target and has projects lined up in data systems and battery storage 60
9.2.3 JAPAN 60
9.2.3.1 Major investments are expected in the development of electrical and transportation infrastructure 60
9.2.4 SOUTH KOREA 61
9.2.4.1 Major investments in data centers are expected to drive the market forward 61
9.2.5 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC 62
9.3 NORTH AMERICA 63
9.3.1 US 66
9.3.1.1 Major investments are expected in revamping infrastructure and in building new data centers 66
9.3.2 CANADA 67
9.3.2.1 The government is strongly supporting the development of energy storage technology 67
9.3.3 MEXICO 68
9.3.3.1 Increased dependency on renewable sources to fulfil its electricity needs 68
9.4 EUROPE 69
9.4.1 GERMANY 71
9.4.1.1 The renewable energy capacity development is supported by developing smart grids, eventually forming an attractive market 71
9.4.2 RUSSIA 72
9.4.2.1 Major developments related to energy storage technology taking place in the transportation sector 72
9.4.3 UK 73
9.4.3.1 Major investment is expected in the underground railways and tube infrastructure 73
9.4.4 FRANCE 74
9.4.4.1 France is strengthening its foothold in the data economy through the installation of new data centres 74
9.4.5 REST OF EUROPE 75
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9.5 SOUTH AMERICA 75
9.5.1 BRAZIL 78
9.5.1.1 Brazil to make massive investments in the data storage front, supporting its IT infrastructure 78
9.5.2 ARGENTINA 79
9.5.2.1 Argentinian Government is expected to promote the renewables and railway sector 79
9.5.3 CHILE 79
9.5.3.1 Chile is set to get its first major investment in data centers, followed by a push in the renewables and data centers segment 79
9.5.4 REST OF SOUTH AMERICA 80
9.6 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA 81
9.6.1 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE) 84
9.6.1.1 UAE is taking gigantic leaps in connecting solar with digital energy storage systems 84
9.6.2 SAUDI ARABIA 85
9.6.2.1 Google has set eyes on the country to build its data infrastructure 85
9.6.3 KUWAIT 86
9.6.3.1 A fresh boost for renewables is expected in Kuwait 86
9.6.4 SOUTH AFRICA 87
9.6.4.1 Electric vehicle charging stations are expected to gain a major push in South Africa 87
9.6.5 REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA 88

10 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 89
10.1 OVERVIEW 89
10.2 RANKING OF PLAYERS AND INDUSTRY CONCENTRATION, 2017 91
10.3 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE MAPPING, 2018 92
10.4 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO 93
10.4.1 CONTRACTS & AGREEMENTS 94
10.4.2 INVESTMENTS & EXPANSIONS 94
10.4.3 MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS 95
10.4.4 OTHERS 95

11 COMPANY PROFILES 96
(Business overview, Products offered, Recent Developments, MNM view)*
11.1 ABB 96
11.2 EATON 104
11.3 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC 108
11.4 TAVRIDA ELECTRIC 112
11.5 HITACHI 114
11.6 FUJI ELECTRIC 118
11.7 POWELL INDUSTRIES 121
11.8 SENSATA TECHNOLOGIES 123
11.9 SIEMENS AG 125
11.10 C&S ELECTRIC 130
11.11 HYUNDAI ELECTRIC & ENERGY SYSTEMS COMPANY 132
11.12 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION 135
11.13 LARSEN & TOUBRO 140
11.14 ROCKWELL AUTOMATION 154
11.15 ENTEC ELECTRIC & ELECTRONIC 158
*Details on Business overview, Products offered, Recent Developments, MNM view might not be captured in case of unlisted companies.

12 APPENDIX 159
12.1 INSIGHTS OF INDUSTRY EXPERTS 159
12.2 DISCUSSION GUIDE 160
12.3 KNOWLEDGE STORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 163
12.4 AVAILABLE CUSTOMIZATIONS 165
12.5 RELATED REPORTS 165
12.6 AUTHOR DETAILS 166



List of Figures



FIGURE 1 ASIA PACIFIC HELD THE LARGEST SHARE IN THE LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET IN 2018 24
FIGURE 2 MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER SEGMENT IS EXPECTED TO DOMINATE THE LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET, BY TYPE, FROM 2019 TO 2024 25
FIGURE 3 SOLAR SEGMENT IS EXPECTED TO DOMINATE THE LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET, BY END-USER, FROM 2019 TO 2024 25
FIGURE 4 COMMERCIAL SEGMENT IS EXPECTED TO DOMINATE THE LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET, BY APPLICATION , FROM 2019 TO 2024 26
FIGURE 5 INCREASED EMPHASIS ON RENEWABLES AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES IS EXPECTED TO DRIVE THE LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET, 2019–2024 27
FIGURE 6 ASIA PACIFIC IS EXPECTED TO GROW AT THE HIGHEST CAGR DURING THE FORECAST PERIOD 28
FIGURE 7 MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER SEGMENT DOMINATED THE ASIA PACIFIC LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET DURING THE FORECAST PERIOD 28
FIGURE 8 END-USER SEGMENT MARKET SHARE, FROM 2019–2024 29
FIGURE 9 COMMERCIAL SEGMENT IS ESTIMATED TO LEAD THE LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET DURING THE FORECAST PERIOD 29
FIGURE 10 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET: DRIVERS, RESTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES 30
FIGURE 11 RISE IN GLOBAL INVESTMENTS IN THE FIELD OF RENEWABLE ENERGY 31
FIGURE 12 PROJECTED SHARE OF RENEWABLES IN ELECTRICITY, 2017–2023 (%) 32
FIGURE 13 INVESTMENT IN SMART DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS, BY COUNTRY 33
FIGURE 14 GRID CONNECTED ENERGY STORAGE MARKET: EXPECTED GROWTH 34
FIGURE 15 GLOBAL INVESTMENT IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES & GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES 35
FIGURE 16 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET, BY TYPE 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 38
FIGURE 17 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET, BY APPLICATION 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 42
FIGURE 18 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET, BY END-USER 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 46
FIGURE 19 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2019–2024 53
FIGURE 20 REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: ASIA PACIFIC MARKET IS EXPECTED TO GROW AT THE HIGHEST CAGR DURING THE FORECAST PERIOD 54
FIGURE 21 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SHARE (VALUE), BY REGION, 2024 54
FIGURE 22 ASIA PACIFIC: REGIONAL SNAPSHOT 56
FIGURE 23 NORTH AMERICA: REGIONAL SNAPSHOT 63
FIGURE 24 KEY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET, 2016–2019 90
FIGURE 25 ABB LED THE LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET IN 2018 91
FIGURE 26 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET (GLOBAL) COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE MAPPING, 2018 92
FIGURE 27 ABB: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 97
FIGURE 28 EATON: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 104
FIGURE 29 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 108
FIGURE 30 HITACHI: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 114
FIGURE 31 FUJI ELECTRIC: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 118
FIGURE 32 POWELL INDUSTRIES: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 121
FIGURE 33 SENSATA TECHNOLOGIES: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 123
FIGURE 34 SIEMENS AG: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 125
FIGURE 35 HYUNDAI ELECTRIC AND ENERGY SYSTEMS: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 132
FIGURE 36 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 135
FIGURE 37 LARSEN & TOUBRO: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 140
FIGURE 38 ROCKWELL AUTOMATION: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 154

 

List of Tables



TABLE 1 INSTALLED CAPACITY OF KEY END-USER INDUSTRIES AND INVESTMENTS IN POWER DISTRIBUTION, SOLAR INSTALLATIONS, ENERGY STORAGE, DATA CENTERS, AND EV CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE INSTALLATIONS ARE THE DETERMINING FACTORS FOR THE GLOBAL LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET 20
TABLE 2 GLOBAL LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SNAPSHOT 23
TABLE 3 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 38
TABLE 4 AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY REGION, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 39
TABLE 5 MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 40
TABLE 6 OTHERS: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY REGION 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 40
TABLE 7 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 42
TABLE 8 INDUSTRIAL: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET, BY REGION 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 43
TABLE 9 COMMERCIAL: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 44
TABLE 10 OTHERS: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY REGION 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 44
TABLE 11 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 46
TABLE 12 BATTERY SYSTEM: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY REGION, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 47
TABLE 13 DATA CENTER: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY REGION, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 48
TABLE 14 SOLAR: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, REGION 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 49
TABLE 15 TRANSPORTATION: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY REGION, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 50
TABLE 16 OTHERS: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY REGION 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 51
TABLE 17 LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY REGION 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 55
TABLE 18 ASIA PACIFIC: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 57
TABLE 19 ASIA PACIFIC: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 57
TABLE 20 ASIA PACIFIC: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 58
TABLE 21 ASIA PACIFIC: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 58
TABLE 22 CHINA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 59
TABLE 23 INDIA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 60
TABLE 24 JAPAN: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 61
TABLE 25 SOUTH KOREA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 62
TABLE 26 OTHER COUNTRIES IN ASIA PACIFIC: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 62
TABLE 27 NORTH AMERICA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY COUNTRY, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 64
TABLE 28 NORTH AMERICA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY TYPE, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 64
TABLE 29 NORTH AMERICA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY END-USER, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 65
TABLE 30 NORTH AMERICA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY APPLICATION, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 65
TABLE 31 US: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 66
TABLE 32 CANADA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 67
TABLE 33 MEXICO: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 68
TABLE 34 EUROPE: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 69
TABLE 35 EUROPE: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 69
TABLE 36 EUROPE: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 70
TABLE 37 EUROPE: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 70
TABLE 38 GERMANY: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 71
TABLE 39 RUSSIA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 72
TABLE 40 UK: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 73
TABLE 41 FRANCE: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 74
TABLE 42 REST OF EUROPE: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY END-USER, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 75
TABLE 43 SOUTH AMERICA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY COUNTRY, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 76
TABLE 44 SOUTH AMERICA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY TYPE, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 76
TABLE 45 SOUTH AMERICA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY END-USER, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 77
TABLE 46 SOUTH AMERICA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY APPLICATION, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 77
TABLE 47 BRAZIL: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 78
TABLE 48 ARGENTINA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 79
TABLE 49 CHILE: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 80
TABLE 50 REST OF SOUTH AMERICA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY END-USER, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 81
TABLE 51 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY COUNTRY, 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 82
TABLE 52 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY TYPE, 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 82
TABLE 53 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY END-USER, 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 83
TABLE 54 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE BY APPLICATION, 2017–2024 (USD MILLION) 83
TABLE 55 UAE: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 84
TABLE 56 SAUDI ARABIA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 85
TABLE 57 KUWAIT: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 86
TABLE 58 SOUTH AFRICA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 87
TABLE 59 REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2019–2024 (USD MILLION) 88
TABLE 60 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC, THE MOST ACTIVE PLAYER IN THE LOW VOLTAGE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER MARKET BETWEEN 2016 AND 2019 93